This paper compiles and summarizes a great deal of extremely pertinent Russian language literature (most of which has remained little known and inaccessible to western scientists) covering virtually all of the basic early reports of the Russian wheat aphid, Diuraphis noxia (Kurdjumov, 1913), and traces the evolution of this insect into one of the world's most damaging pests of small grains. A longstanding error in the authorship of D. noxia is corrected. An original taxonomic key to the apterous vivipara of species of Diuraphis is proposed. Various old-world parasitoid, predator, and native host plant associations with Diuraphis species are described from the literature, and a number of potentially useful aphidophagous insects are identified and collection sites recommended.



Zusammenfassung

Diuraphis Aizenberg (Hom., Aphididae): Bestimmungsschlussel fur die ungeflugelten, viviparen Weibchen sowie Uberblick zur russischsprachigen Literatur uber die Bionomie von Diuraphis noxia (Kurdjumov, 1913)



Die Arbeit fast einen grosen Teil der russischsprachigen Literatur (die uberwiegend in westlichen Landern wenig bekannt und erreichbar ist) uber die russische Weizenblattlaus Diuraphis noxia (Kurdj.) zusammen und verfolgt die Entwicklung dieser Blattlaus zu einem der grosten Getreideschadlinge der Welt. Ein langandauernder Irrtum uber die Urheberschaft dieser Spezies wird korrigiert. Es wird ein eigener Bestimmungsschlussel uber die ungeflugelten Viviparen der Gattung Diuraphis aufgestellt. Die verschiedenen altweltlichen Parasitoiden und Pradatoren sowie die ursprungliche Wirtspflanzen-Assoziation mit Diuraphis-Arten werden an Hand der Literatur wiedergegeben. Schlieslich wird eine Anzahl moglicherweise nutzbarer Aphidophagen betrachtet.

Diuraphis Aizenberg (Hom., Aphididae): key to apterous viviparous females, and review of Russian language literature on the natural history of Diuraphis noxia (Kurdjumov, 1913)

Invasive pest species pose a major threat to agricultural production around the world. Until recently, the Russian wheat aphid, Diuraphis noxia Kurdjumov, a major pest of wheat and barley crops worldwide, was considered a high-priority exotic pest threat to the Australian grains industry. Here, we document the initial detection and establishment of D. noxia in Australia in 2016. These are the first records for this genus from South Australia, Victoria and New South Wales. Morphological and molecular information is presented for confirmed diagnosis of the species based on voucher specimens. Known distribution data are provided, along with a list of Poaceae hosts on which D. noxia has been recorded, and a brief description of the typical damage symptoms caused by these aphids. The potential impact of this aphid on Australian cereal production is discussed, and we identify research areas required to underpin future management of this new threat to the Australian cereal industry.

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/aen.12292

First detection of Russian wheat aphid Diuraphis noxia Kurdjumov (Hemiptera: Aphididae) in Australia: a major threat to cereal production

Russian wheat aphid (Diuraphis noxia, Morvilko; RWA) is a major pest on wheat, barley and other triticale in South Africa. Infestation by the RWA results in altered protein expression patterns, which is manifested as differential expression of gene sequences. In the present study, Russian wheat aphid resistant (Tugela DN, Tugela*5/SA2199, Tugela*5/SA463, PI 137739, PI 262660, and PI 294994) and susceptible triticale (Tugela) were infested and cDNA synthesized. A PCR based approach was utilized to amplify the nucleotide binding site conserved region to obtain expressed sequence tags (ESTs) with homology to resistance gene analogs (RGAs). The approach proved highly feasible when the isolation of RGAs is the main objective, since 18% of all obtained ESTs showed significant hits with known RGAs, when translated into their corresponding amino acid sequences and searched against the nonredundant GenBank protein database using the BLASTX algorithm.

/pdf/functional-and-comparative-analysis-of-expressed-sequences-4l43mu22xn.pdf

Functional and comparative analysis of expressed sequences from Diuraphis noxia infested wheat obtained utilizing the conserved nucleotide binding site

Six Russian wheat aphid (RWA;Diuraphis noxia Mordvilko)-resistant synthetic hexaploid wheats derived from interspecific crosses between Triticum dicoccum Schrank. and Aegilops tauschii (Coss.) Schmal. were evaluated for the three major resistance categories: antibiosis, antixenosis, and tolerance. Aphids on synthetic hexaploids took a significantly longer time to reach maturity than aphids on the susceptible bread wheat control 'Seri M82', but no differences were observed for daily nymph production or intrinsic rate of increase. The antixenosis test showed that the synthetic hexaploids attracted significantly fewer aphids than Seri M82, and pubescent leaves may contribute to the antixenotic properties in these synthetic hexaploids. No significant differences were observed for growth reduction in the tolerance test, although Seri M82 had the highest reduction in the experiment. A plant resistance index revealing differences among the synthetic hexaploid wheats indicates genetic diversity for RWA resistance. The plant resistance index can aid plant breeders in selecting the best germplasm for incorporating Russian wheat aphid resistance into elite bread wheat lines. Of the synthetic hexaploids, CWI 76621 and CWI 76629 showed the highest levels of resistance overall, and are thus potential candidates for Russian wheat aphid resistance breeding.

Resistance categories of synthetic hexaploid wheats resistant to the russian wheat aphid (Diuraphis noxia)

The Russian wheat aphid, Diuraphis noxia, is a destructive pest of cereal crops that exhibits virulence to D. noxia resistance genes in wheat. Therefore, it is important to identify D. noxia virulence factors. The insect gut, the primary site of defense to ingested toxins, is also a likely site of differential gene expression in virulent insects. Comparative analyses of gut transcriptomes from virulent and avirulent D. noxia can improve an understanding of aphid gut physiology and may reveal factors critical to compatible D. noxia–wheat interactions. A total of 4,600 clones were sequenced from gut cDNA libraries prepared from avirulent (biotype 1) and virulent (biotype 2) D. noxia feeding on biotype 1-resistant wheat. A majority of the sequences (66 % in biotype 1, 64 % in biotype 2) matched those from the NR database. BLASTx analysis of sequences with the highest E-values revealed that 59 % of the biotype 1 sequences matched those of the pea aphid, Acyrthosiphon pisum. However, only 17 % of the biotype 2 sequences were similar to those of A. pisum. RT-qPCR expression analyses confirmed that the biotype 2 gut transcriptome differs significantly from that of biotype 1. A transcript coding the tRNA-Leu gene was significantly up-regulated in the biotype 2 transcriptome, strongly suggesting that leucine metabolism is a critical factor in biotype 2 survival. Many more transcripts encoding protease inhibitors occurred in the avirulent biotype 1 gut than in the gut of virulent biotype 2. However, more protease transcripts occurred in the biotype 2 gut than in the biotype 1 gut, suggesting that the avirulent biotype produces protease inhibitors in response to plant proteases. The virulent biotype 2 produces trypsin-like and chymotrypsin-like serine protease counter-defenses to overcome biotype 1-resistant plants.

/pdf/comparative-gut-transcriptome-analysis-reveals-differences-26gys1abdf.pdf

Comparative gut transcriptome analysis reveals differences between virulent and avirulent Russian wheat aphids, Diuraphis noxia

Published August 1987. Facts and recommendations in this publication may no longer be valid. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog

Russian wheat aphid

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Russian wheat aphid