Thyroid gland organogenesis results in an organ the shape, size, and position of which are largely conserved among adult individuals of the same species, thus suggesting that genetic factors must be involved in controlling these parameters. In humans, the organogenesis of the thyroid gland is often disturbed, leading to a variety of conditions, such as agenesis, ectopy, and hypoplasia, which are collectively called thyroid dysgenesis (TD). The molecular mechanisms leading to TD are largely unknown. Studies in murine models and in a few patients with dysgenesis revealed that mutations in regulatory genes expressed in the developing thyroid are responsible for this condition, thus showing that TD can be a genetic and inheritable disease. These studies open the way to a novel working hypothesis on the molecular and genetic basis of this frequent human condition and render the thyroid an important model in the understanding of molecular mechanisms regulating the size, shape, and position of organs.

/pdf/thyroid-development-and-its-disorders-genetics-and-molecular-3ssy3a7ean.pdf

Thyroid development and its disorders: genetics and molecular mechanisms.

Thyroid-specific gene expression

Hürthle Cell Neoplasms of the Thyroid

Neoplastic and non-neoplastic oxyphil cells in thyroid disorders were investigated for enzyme and synthetic activity, ultrastructural features, and immune complex deposition. A reduced but definite content of thyroglobuliin and similar enzyme profiles and ultrastructural features in all types of oxyphill change were found. Immune complex deposition was seen in Graves' disease and Hashimoto's thyroiditis but not in oxyphil neoplasms or colloid goitre with focal oxyphil change. The findings suggest that oxyphil cells do represent a uniform change. Immunological damage with immune complex deposition might be the cause of oxyphil change in only some conditions.

https://jcp.bmj.com/content/jclinpath/39/8/908.full.pdf

Oxyphil cells in thyroid disease: a uniform change?

Antibodies to Cytokeratin 14 Specifically Identify Oncocytes (H??rthle Cells) in Thyroid Lesions and Tumors

The present study reports the biochemical and immunohistochemical findings in the cytosol of a Hurthle cell carcinoma as compared with that of normal thyroid tissue. Sephadex G-200 chromatography of the extract derived from a Hurthle cell carcinoma and from normal thyroid tissue revealed three identical pools. Pool I consisted mainly of thyroglobulin (Tg), pool II corresponded to albumin, while pool III contained unidentified low molecuar weight fragments which could not be studied further. Hurthle cell carcinoma, pool I, had a Tg content of 12.9 μg Tg/mg equivalent tissue and a 127I content of 5, 6 mole/mole of Tg. Its sialic acid content was undetectable, however. In pool I of the normal thyroid gland, the respective values were 62.8 μg Tg/ mg equivalent tissue, 21.3 mole 127I/mole Tg, and 15.4 mole sialic acid/mole Tg. The albumin contained in both pools II was shown to be ioidinated at the following levels: 0.025 mole 127I/mole albumin in Hurthle tumor pool II vs 1.28 mole 127I/mole albumin in normal thyroid pool II. Immunohistochemical studies confirmed the presence of Tg and albumin in the malignant Hurthle cells and acini and colloid. Thus, Hurthle cell carcinoma contained Tg and albumin. The Tg content was five times less compared with control tissue. Both proteins (Tg and albumin) were poorly iodinated in Hurthle carcinoma tissue, and the iodination of albumina seemed to be more severely impaired. The site of synthesis of both proteins could not be derived from the presejit studies.

Biochemical and immunohistochemical characterization of proteins in Hurthle cell carcinoma

We report a patient with a lingual mass clinically diagnosed as lingual thyroid. Due to marked distortion of the normal thyroidal architecture from prior 131I therapy, pathological examination of the mass was consistent with a mixed salivary gland tumor. Immunoperoxidase staining for thyroglobulin was utilized to correctly characterize the lingual mass as ectopic thyroid.

Histological characterization of a lingual mass using thyroglobulin immunoperoxidase staining

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Biochemical and immunohistochemical characterization of proteins in Hurthle cell carcinoma

Histological characterization of a lingual mass using thyroglobulin immunoperoxidase staining