Willow species have been suggested for use in the remediation of contaminated soils due to their high biomass production, fast growth, and high accumulation of heavy metals. The tolerance and accumulation of metals may vary among willow species and varieties, and the assessment of this variability is vital for selecting willow species/varieties for phytoremediation applications. Here, we examined the variations in lead (Pb) tolerance and accumulation of three cultivated varieties of Salix integra (Weishanhu, Yizhibi and Dahongtou), a shrub willow native to northeastern China, using hydroponic culture in a greenhouse. In general, the tolerance and accumulation of Pb varied among the three willow varieties depending on the Pb concentration. All three varieties had a high tolerance index (TI) and EC50 value (the effective concentration of Pb in the nutrient solution that caused a 50% inhibition on biomass production), but a low translocation factor (TF), indicating that Pb sequestration is mainly restricted in the roots of S. integra. Among the three varieties, Dahogntou was more sensitive to the increased Pb concentration than the other two varieties, with the lowest EC50 and TI for root and above-ground tissues. In this respect, Weishanhu and Yizhibi were more suitable for phytostabilization of Pb-contaminated soils. However, our findings also indicated the importance of considering the toxicity symptoms when selecting willow varieties for the use of phytoremediation, since we also found that the three varieties revealed various toxicity symptoms of leaf wilting, chlorosis and inhibition of shoot and root growth under the higher Pb concentrations. Such symptoms could be considered as a supplementary index in screening tests.

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Variations in Metal Tolerance and Accumulation in Three Hydroponically Cultivated Varieties of Salix integra Treated with Lead

Lead tolerance and accumulation in five willow clones were investigated using a nutrient film technique. Plants were exposed to 0, 48, 121, 169, or 241 μM Pb for 14 days. Tolerance indices (TI) and critical toxicity thresholds (EC50) were determined for five willow clones. SX61 had the highest TI values (92%) in the 48 and 121 μM Pb treatments, as well as the highest EC50 threshold values (70.5μM for roots, 155.9μM for aboveground tissue), indications of a high degree of tolerance to Pb. This clone also developed the highest biomass of all the clones tested. We found significant variation in willows' lead accumulation. The highest Pb content in roots (24 mg plant−1) and aboveground tissue (7.6 mg plant−1) was recorded in the 48 μM Pb treatment in SX61. Based on high biomass, TI, EC50, and Pb content in plant tissues, SX61 holds promise for phytoextraction of lead.

Hydroponic Screening of Willows (Salix L.) for Lead Tolerance and Accumulation

The effects of Cd on the growth and distribution of Cd and mineral nutrients within plant tissues were investigated for Pinus sylvestris L. seedlings grown in mineral forest soil with increasing levels of Cd addition (0–100 mg kg−1). Approximately 20% of added Cd was found to be extractable from sandy loam forest soil. Root growth was less affected by Cd than shoot growth, which showed a significant reduction in the 100 mg Cd kg−1 treatment. Cadmium accumulated in roots up to 325 mg kg−1. Decreased concentrations of K in needles and Ca in stems with increasing Cd levels suggest a disturbance of mineral nutrition as a result of Cd addition.

Effects of soil cadmium on Pinus sylvestris L. seedlings

Revegetation with metal tolerant plants for management of fly ash deposits is an important environmental perspective nowadays. Growth performance, photosynthesis, and antioxidant defense of lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus (D.C.) Stapf.) were evaluated under various combination of fly ash amended with garden soil in order to assess its fly ash tolerance potential. Under low level of fly ash (25%) amended soil, the plant growth parameters such as shoot, root, and total plant biomass as well as metal tolerance index were increased compared to the control plants grown on garden soil, followed by decline under higher concentration of fly ash (50%, 75% and 100%). In addition, leaf photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance, and photosystem (PS) II activity were not significantly changed under low level of fly ash (25%) amended soil compared to the garden soil but these parameters were significantly decreased further with increase of fly ash concentrations. Furthermore, increase of activities of some antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase, ascorbate peroxidase, and guaiacol peroxidase over control were noticed in lemongrass under all fly ash treatments. Taken together, the study suggests that lemongrass can be used for phytoremediation of fly ash at 25% amended soil.

Growth and physiological response of lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus (D.C.) Stapf.) under different levels of fly ash-amended soil.

Contamination levels of copper (Cu) and other heavy metals are very high in the soils of the abandoned copper mine of Lasail in the north western Hajar Mountains of Oman. Environment-friendly approaches such as phytoremediation are needed to clean and rehabilitate these areas to their natural status. In the present study, the phytoremediation potential of castor, Ricinus communis L., was evaluated for copper and other heavy metals by growing it in different types of Cu-mine soils and slags. Growth parameters such as shoot height and biomass weight (fresh and dry) were evaluated. Castor showed a high tolerance index (TI) in Cu-mine soils. The highest TI was calculated for the fresh mass of castor shoots in E soil with a percentage of 405.99. The translocation factor (TF) of all the metals except boron (B) and manganese (Mn) was < 1, which reveals that these metals are stabilised in the root portion of the castor. Bioconcentration factor (BCF) value < 1 for Cu indicates that castor is not a hyperaccumulator plant for copper. In addition to high concentrations of copper, other heavy metals such as arsenic (As), iron (Fe), and zinc (Zn) were observed in the roots than in shoots. Castor grown in slag accumulated Cu in the shoots, roots, and entire plant with the values of 25, 1184, and 1209 mg kg−1, respectively. Similarly, castor cultivated in A soil accumulated 18, 901, and 919 mg kg−1 of copper in shoots, roots, and entire plant, respectively. The calculated plant effective number (PENt) indicated the need for 253 castor plants to remove 1 g of Cu from E soil. The ability of castor to grow well in Cu-mine soils suggests that it can be used for the removal of Cu and other heavy metals. Additionally, the shoot portion could potentially be used for oil production since the phytoaccumulation levels of heavy metal concentration in the shoots were below the standard toxicity limits.

Phytoremediation potential of castor (Ricinus communis L.) in the soils of the abandoned copper mine in Northern Oman: implications for arid regions.

The capacity of some plants to survive on soils that contain high concentrations of certain (heavy) metals has fascinated ecologists for decades. Much work has been dedicated to finding differences in plant metal tolerance and decipher the underlying physiological and genetic bases for these differences (reviewed by Antonovics et al. 1971; Ernst 1974; Woolhouse 1983; Baker 1987; Baker and Walker 1989, 1990; Schat and Ten Bookum 1992a; Macnair 1993). The topic has its applied aspects as well. Detrimental effects of high aluminium concentration on crop production prompted the screening for aluminium-tolerance in commercially important germplasms (Aniol and Gustafson 1990).

Experimental Characterization of Heavy Metal Tolerance in Plants

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Experimental Characterization of Heavy Metal Tolerance in Plants