Recent progress in magnetically confined plasma research has brought the goal of controlled thermonuclear fusion within reach. Simultaneously, the increased size, temperature, and density of these devices has resulted in rapid changes in diagnostic techniques. In this article, recent developments in instrumentation are reviewed together with trends for the future. The topics discussed include far‐infrared laser interferometry and polarimetry, ruby laser television Thomson scattering, excimer and Nd‐glass laser scattering, ion temperature determination via large‐α scattering with FIR and CO2 lasers, collective scattering, Schottky diode mixer technology, synchrotron radiation diagnostics and imaging, ion beam probes, x‐ray diagnostics and imaging, neutron diagnostics, resonance fluorescence scattering, ultraviolet diagnostics, and internal magnetic field measurement.

Instrumentation for magnetically confined fusion plasma diagnostics

Thomson scattering is reviewed as a diagnostic technique for the determination of electron energy distributions and concentrations in a plasma. Both theoretical and experimental aspects are considered, and scattering spectra which would be expected for high voltage spark discharges and inductively coupled plasmas at atmospheric pressure are computed. A nonlinear method bearing the same relationship to Thomson scattering as CARS does to linear Raman spectroscopy is mentioned, and its properties are compared to the more common linear Thomson technique. Related plasma diagnostics involving high power laser scattering are also discussed.

Thomson Scattering as a Diagnostic of Atmospheric Pressure Discharges

With collective laser scattering a clear separation of the ion features of two ion species with large mass ratio was experimentally realized. Furthermore demixing effects in a H2/A mixture as well as a temperature difference were observed.

Measurements of two ion components in a plasma by collective scattering

We describe here a four-channel spectral analyzer suitable for use in Thomson scattering diagnostics of plasmas, that incorporates several novel features and is inexpensive and physically compact. It is suitable for spectral analysis of light scattered from plasmas having densities down to approximately 10(14) cm(-3) and temperatures up to several hundred electron volts.

Spectral analyzer for Thomson scattering.

A ruby laser sytem in periodically Q‐switched operation was used for Thomson scattering from a tokamak plasma. The laser delivers about 25 equidistant pulses of more than 10 MW peak power during the 1‐ms flashlamp discharge. Electron density and temperature of the plasma were recorded as a function of time during the pulse sequence. The repetitively Q‐switched system has been used to measure temperature and density development during a disruptive instability.

Thomson scattering from a tokamak plasma with a repetitively Q‐switched ruby laser

The possibilities to use periodically pulsed lasers for plasma scattering diagnostics are discussed. An experiment with successful application of a periodically pulsed frequency-doubled Nd:YAG laser is described and results are given. Application of the method to monitor continuously, with millisecond time resolution, parameters of Tokamak type plasmas, is considered.

On scattering diagnostics with periodically pulsed lasers to follow the continuous evolution of time dependent plasma parameters

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On scattering diagnostics with periodically pulsed lasers to follow the continuous evolution of time dependent plasma parameters