We have carried out comparative studies on transparent conductive thin films made with two kinds of commercial carbon nanotubes:  HiPCO and arc-discharge nanotubes. These films have been further exploited as hole-injection electrodes for organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) on both rigid glass and flexible substrates. Our experiments reveal that films based on arc-discharge nanotubes are overwhelmingly better than HiPCO-nanotube-based films in all of the critical aspects, including surface roughness, sheet resistance, and transparency. Further improvement in arc-discharge nanotube films has been achieved by using PEDOT passivation for better surface smoothness and using SOCl2 doping for lower sheet resistance. The optimized films show a typical sheet resistance of ∼160 Ω/□ at 87% transparency and have been used successfully to make OLEDs with high stabilities and long lifetimes.

Transparent, conductive, and flexible carbon nanotube films and their application in organic light-emitting diodes.

Polymer composites are one of the most attractive near-term means to exploit the unique properties of carbon nanotubes and graphene. This is particularly true for composites aimed at electronics and photonics, where a number of promising applications have already been demonstrated. One such example is nanotube-based saturable absorbers. These can be used as all-optical switches, optical amplifier noise suppressors, or mode-lockers to generate ultrashort laser pulses. Here, we review various aspects of fabrication, characterization, device implementation and operation of nanotube-polymer composites to be used in photonic applications. We also summarize recent results on graphene-based saturable absorbers for ultrafast lasers.

Nanotube–Polymer Composites for Ultrafast Photonics

Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) demonstrate remarkable electrical, thermal, and mechanical properties, which allow a number of exciting potential applications. In this article, we review the most recent progress in research on the development of CNT-polymer composites, with particular attention to their mechanical and electrical (conductive) properties. Various functionalization and fabrication approaches and their role in the preparation of CNT-polymer composites with improved mechanical and electrical properties are discussed. We tabulate the most recent values of Young's modulus and electrical conductivities for various CNT-polymer composites and compare the effectiveness of different processing techniques. Finally, we give a future outlook for the development of CNT-polymer composites as potential alternative materials for various applications, including flexible electrodes in displays, electronic paper, antistatic coatings, bullet-proof vests, protective clothing, and high-performance composites for aircraft and automotive industries.

Recent Advances in Research on Carbon Nanotube–Polymer Composites

This review explores the state-of-the-art applications of various kindsof carbon nanotubes. We will address the uniqueness of nanotubes thatmakes them better than their competitors for specific applications. We willdiscuss several examples of the already existing commercial uses of nanotubesand then point out feasible nanotube applications for the near term (withinten years) and the long term (beyond ten years). In our discussions of theapplications, we will distinguish between the various kinds of nanotubesin play today, ranging from multiwall nanotubes having different degreesof perfection to the near-perfect molecular single-wall nanotubes. The lastdecade of research in this field points to several possible applications forthese materials; electronic devices and interconnects, field emission devices,electrochemical devices, such as supercapacitors and batteries, nanoscale sensors,electromechanical actuators, separation membranes, filled polymer composites,and drug-delivery systems are some of the possible applications that havebeen demonstrated in the laboratories. We further discuss the status of thisfield and point out the value-added applications that exist today versus therevolutionary applications that will ensue in the distant future. The opportunities,challenges and the major bottlenecks, including large-scale manufacturing fornanotube material, will be identified as we define the applications space fornanotubes. We will also consider some of the recent concerns regarding health,environment as well as handling and safety protocols for carbon nanotubes.

Potential Applications of Carbon Nanotubes

The fundamental chemical, redox, electrochemical, photoelectrochemical, optical and optoelectronic features of carbon nanotubes are surveyed with particular emphasis on the most relevant applications as electron donor/electron acceptor or as electron conductor/hole conductor materials, in solutions and in the solid state. Methods that aim at p- and n-doping as a means to favor hole or electron injection/transport are covered as well (critical review, 208 references).

Carbon nanotubes—electronic/electrochemical properties and application for nanoelectronics and photonics

We have fabricated prototypical Al/single-wall carbon nanotube (SWNT)-polymer/indium tin oxide thin-film devices that exhibit promising photoconductive and photovoltaic responses in a broad spectral range, typically from 300to1600nm. This achievement was made possible by finely dispersed SWNT powders in polymer matrices such as poly-phenylene-vinylene and poly-thiophene. These devices utilize (i) the intrinsic near-infrared light harvesting properties of semiconducting SWNTs, (ii) the electronic transport properties of both semiconducting and metallic SWNTs in combination with those of the polymer matrices, and (iii) probably charge/energy transfer processes between SWNTs and the polymers. By selecting different sources of SWNTs and polymers, we have shown that the optoelectronic properties of these devices are potentially tunable. To support our investigation, several techniques including spectrally resolved photoconductivity, optical absorption, and photoluminescence spectroscopy were utilized.

Near-infrared photoconductive and photovoltaic devices using single-wall carbon nanotubes in conductive polymer films

We have fabricated near-infrared electroluminescent (EL) devices utilizing single-wall carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) finely dispersed in a polymer, such as poly[2-methoxy-5-(2′-ethylhexyloxy]-1,4-phenylenevinylene (MEHPPV). Al/SWNT-MEHPPV/indium tin oxide thin-film devices exhibit a very promising EL response over a broad spectrum, including the range of 900–1600nm. From the analysis of the optical absorption, photoluminescence and EL spectra, as well as the current-voltage characteristics, we demonstrate that those devices exploit the intrinsic near-infrared light-emitting properties of semiconducting SWNTs and the electronic transport properties of SWNT-doped MEHPPV. Those achievements are essential for the future development of thin-film SWNT optoelectronic devices.

Near-infrared electroluminescent devices using single-wall carbon nanotubes thin flms

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Near-infrared photoconductive and photovoltaic devices using single-wall carbon nanotubes in conductive polymer films

Near-infrared electroluminescent devices using single-wall carbon nanotubes thin flms