This Review summarizes the simultaneous transmission of several independent spatial channels of light along optical fibres to expand the data-carrying capacity of optical communications. Recent results achieved in both multicore and multimode optical fibres are documented.

/pdf/space-division-multiplexing-in-optical-fibres-9acl86j916.pdf

Space-division multiplexing in optical fibres

Space-division multiplexing (SDM) uses multiplicity of space channels to increase capacity for optical communication. It is applicable for optical communication in both free space and guided waves. This paper focuses on SDM for fiber-optic communication using few-mode fibers or multimode fibers, in particular on the critical challenge of mode crosstalk. Multiple-input–multiple-output (MIMO) equalization methods developed for wireless communication can be applied as an electronic method to equalize mode crosstalk. Optical approaches, including differential modal group delay management, strong mode coupling, and multicore fibers, are necessary to bring the computational complexity for MIMO mode crosstalk equalization to practical levels. Progress in passive devices, such as (de)multiplexers, and active devices, such as amplifiers and switches, which are considered straightforward challenges in comparison with mode crosstalk, are reviewed. Finally, we present the prospects for SDM in optical transmission and networking.

Space-division multiplexing: the next frontier in optical communication

Single-mode fibres with low loss and a large transmission bandwidth are a key enabler for long-haul high-speed optical communication and form the backbone of our information-driven society. However, we are on the verge of reaching the fundamental limit of single-mode fibre transmission capacity. Therefore, a new means to increase the transmission capacity of optical fibre is essential to avoid a capacity crunch. Here, by employing few-mode multicore fibre, compact three-dimensional waveguide multiplexers and energy-efficient frequency-domain multiple-input multiple-output equalization, we demonstrate the viability of spatial multiplexing to reach a data rate of 5.1 Tbit s−1 carrier−1 (net 4 Tbit s−1 carrier−1) on a single wavelength over a single fibre. Furthermore, by combining this approach with wavelength division multiplexing with 50 wavelength carriers on a dense 50 GHz grid, a gross transmission throughput of 255 Tbit s−1 (net 200 Tbit s−1) over a 1 km fibre link is achieved. A few-mode, multicore fibre allows ultra-high-speed data transmission on a single wavelength of light.

/pdf/ultra-high-density-spatial-division-multiplexing-with-a-few-2noctjz1of.pdf

Ultra-high-density spatial division multiplexing with a few-mode multicore fibre

Research on space-division multiplexing (SDM) came to prominence in early 2010 being primarily proposed as a means of multiplying the information-carrying capacity of optical fibers at the same time as increasing efficiency through resource sharing. Proposed SDM transmission systems range from parallel single-mode fibers with shared amplifier pump lasers to the full spatial integration of transceiver hardware, signal processing, and amplification around a fiber with over 100 spatial channels comprising multiple cores each carrying multiple modes. In this paper, we review progress in SDM research. We first outline the main classifications and features of novel SDM fibers such as multicore fibers (MCFs), multimode fibers, few-mode MCFs, and coupled-core MCFs. We review research achievements of each fiber type before discussing digital-signal processing, amplifier technology, and milestones of transmission and networking demonstrations. Finally, we draw comparisons between fiber types before discussing the current trends and speculate on future developments and applications beyond optical data transmission.

Space-division multiplexing for optical fiber communications

We describe the design trade-offs that are at stake when optimizing few-mode fibers (FMFs) that support a high number ( $\ge$ 6) of LP modes. We particularly detail the design of 6-LP-mode fibers that allow to multiply the capacity by a tenfold factor (two modes being spatially non-degenerate and four modes being two times spatially degenerate). For low-differential-mode-group-delay (low-DMGD) FMFs adapted to strongly-coupled mode-division-multiplexed systems, trench-assisted graded-index-core profiles can be optimized to have Max $\vert$ DMGD $\vert$ 1.0 × 10 $^{-3}$ ) to limit mode coupling and $A_{\rm eff}$ >∼100 μm $^2$ to limit intra-mode non-linearity with good mode robustness. For such weakly-coupled FMFs, sensitivity to process variability is small and main characteristics do not significantly change when variations are within the manufacturing tolerances. We also briefly discuss experimental validations.

Few-Mode Fibers for Mode-Division-Multiplexed Systems

A transmission fiber for mode division multiplexing supporting LP01 and LP11 modes, with low differential group delay, low mode coupling, and low loss for both modes is presented. Spatially and spectrally resolved mode imaging (S2 imaging) is used for characterization.

Few Mode Transmission Fiber With Low DGD, Low Mode Coupling, and Low Loss

We present measurements of distributed mode scattering in up to 30km long few mode fibers using spatially and spectrally resolved (S2) imaging.

Measuring distributed mode scattering in few mode fibers with high and low differential group delay

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Few Mode Transmission Fiber With Low DGD, Low Mode Coupling, and Low Loss

Measuring distributed mode scattering in few mode fibers with high and low differential group delay