We present an extension of the klystron simulation code TESLA to model multiple-beam klystrons (MBKs) in which interaction parameters may vary significantly from beam-tunnel to beam-tunnel. In earlier work, the single-beam code was applied to model the MBK by assuming that all electron beams and beam-tunnels were identical and all electron beams interacted identically with the fields of the resonant cavities, using averaged values of R/Q to represent interaction with each resonant cavity. To overcome the limitations of this approach and to take into account the effects from nonidentical beams and/or beam-tunnels, we have modified the code to use a parallel algorithm for multiple beams. The implementation of the parallel version of TESLA is based on the latest Fortran-95 version of the serial code and uses the message-passing interface library for communication. For testing and verification purposes, the new version of the code is applied to simulate an experimental four-cavity, eight-beam klystron amplifier, which was designed and successfully tested last year at the Naval Research Laboratory. The results of modeling using the new parallel TESLA and their comparison with experimental data are discussed in detail.

Parallel Simulation of Independent Beam-Tunnels in Multiple-Beam Klystrons Using TESLA

A strong candidate for the Standard Model Scalar boson, H(126), has been discovered by the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) experiments. In order to study this fundamental particle with unprecedented precision, and to perform precision tests of the closure of the Standard Model, we investigate the possibilities offered by An e+e- storage ring collider. We use a design inspired by the B-factories, taking into account the performance achieved at LEP2, and imposing a synchrotron radiation power limit of 100 MW. At the most relevant centre-of-mass energy of 240 GeV, near-constant luminosities of 10^34 cm^{-2}s^{-1} are possible in up to four collision points for a ring of 27km circumference. The achievable luminosity increases with the bending radius, and for 80km circumference, a luminosity of 5 10^34 cm^{-2}s^{-1} in four collision points appears feasible. Beamstrahlung becomes relevant at these high luminosities, leading to a design requirement of large momentum acceptance both in the accelerating system and in the optics. The larger machine could reach the top quark threshold, would yield luminosities per interaction point of 10^36 cm^{-2}s^{-1} at the Z pole (91 GeV) and 2 10^35 cm^{-2}s^{-1} at the W pair production threshold (80 GeV per beam). The energy spread is reduced in the larger ring with respect to what is was at LEP, giving confidence that beam polarization for energy calibration purposes should be available up to the W pair threshold. The capabilities in term of physics performance are outlined.

A High Luminosity e+e- Collider to study the Higgs Boson

Communications and Power Industries, Inc., has designed and manufactured two versions of a 10-MW-peak high-efficiency multiple-beam klystron (MBK) operating at 1300 MHz. This type of klystron is favored for large particle accelerator projects such as the European X-ray Free-Electron Laser at the Deutsches Elektronen Synchrotron (DESY). Two klystrons have been made for DESY. The first-generation MBK was a vertically oriented prototype using a six-cavity design with higher order mode input and output cavities and conventional intermediate cavities. For cost and performance reasons, the second-generation MBK, designated VKL-8301B, utilized seven coaxial fundamental-mode cavities and is an “industrialized” horizontally oriented klystron. The klystron was designed and optimized using state-of-the-art multidimensional design codes to ensure that all performance requirements are exceeded. Agreement between the simulated and measured performances is good. The VKL-8301B prototype achieved a peak saturated RF output power of 10.4 MW and 67.8% efficiency. The data were measured at the full 1.5% duty and with 1.5-ms pulse width. The klystron satisfied all required operating conditions, including stable operation into an output mismatch of 1.2:1 voltage standing wave ratio at various phases. The prototype has been shipped to DESY and has been successfully tested by a customer.

High-Power High-Efficiency L-band Multiple-Beam Klystron Development at CPI

We present the results of detailed modeling of an experimental eight-beam four-cavity multiple-beam klystron (MBK) with an emphasis on the effects related to the circuit interception current. The parallel version of the 2.5-D large-signal code TESLA was used as the principal analysis tool. The primary MBK model used eight nonidentical beams/beam tunnels run in eight parallel processes using the measured values of R/Q on each gap of each beam tunnel. The simulation results are compared with the available experimental data and show good agreement between the calculations and measurements, including the predicted level of threshold RF drive power at the first appearance of body current. Additional modeling was performed using a less accurate approximation where all eight beams/beam tunnels were assumed to have identical properties. The results of the two different modeling approaches are analyzed in detail and compared with each other to determine the limits on the accuracy of the respective models.

Detailed Analysis of the Interception Current Predicted by the Large-Signal Code TESLA for an Experimental Multiple-Beam Klystron

The classical generation of RF power with klystrons and tetrodes is evolving and changing to meet the demands of higher efficiency and simpler maintenance. Developments of IOT tubes for FEL, Energy Recovery Linacs and Storage Rings, together with solid state technology approaches and combination techniques for the high power generation are opening new alternatives to the classical ones.

/pdf/new-developments-on-rf-power-sources-4p0800cfw3.pdf

New developments on rf power sources

A 10 MW, 1.3 GHz multiple beam klystron (MBK) has been developed for the DESY X-FEL and International Linear Collider projects. The device uses six electron beams set off-axis on a large bolt circle which interact with a combination of higher-order-mode and conventional klystron cavities to efficiently produce high power RF. Extensive two and three dimensional simulations were used to design the device. Recent test results have validated the basic design concepts and procedure. Ten megawatts of peak and 150 kW of average power have been stably generated with 59% efficiency and 48 dB of gain.

/pdf/design-and-operation-of-a-high-power-l-band-multiple-beam-39mn6kdbi6.pdf

Design and Operation of a High Power L-Band Multiple Beam Klystron

The VKL-8301 high-efficiency, multiple-beam klystron (MBK), has been developed for the DESY Tera Electron volt Superconducting Linear Accelerator (TESLA) in Hamburg, Germany. The first prototype is built and will be tested in March of 2004. The prototype has been designed for long-life operation by utilizing the benefits inherent in higher-order mode (HM) MBKs. The primary benefit of HM-MBKs is their ability to widely separate individual cathodes. One of the major obstacles to the success of this approach is the design of the off-axis electron-beam-focusing system, particularly when confined-flow focusing is desired. We will show simulated and measured data that demonstrates a solution to this problem. High-power test results will also be shown.

/pdf/test-results-for-a-10-mw-l-band-multiple-beam-klystron-for-3cbbwl4bbr.pdf

Test results for a 10-mw, l-band multiple beam klystron for tesla *

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Design and Operation of a High Power L-Band Multiple Beam Klystron

Test results for a 10-mw, l-band multiple beam klystron for tesla *