This paper discusses speculative disaster scenarios inspired by hypothetical new fundamental processes that might occur in high-energy relativistic heavy-ion collisions. The authors estimate the parameters relevant to black-hole production and find that they are absurdly small. They show that other accelerator and (especially) cosmic-ray environments have already provided far more auspicious opportunities for transition to a new vacuum state, so that existing observations provide stringent bounds. The possibility of producing a dangerous strangelet is discussed in most detail. The authors argue that four separate requirements are necessary for this to occur: existence of large stable strangelets, metastability of intermediate size strangelets, negative charge for strangelets along the stability line, and production of intermediate size strangelets in the heavy ion environment. Both theoretical and experimental reasons why each of these appears unlikely are discussed. In particular, the authors know of no plausible suggestion for why the third or especially the fourth might be true. Given minimal physical assumptions, the continued existence of the Moon, in the form we know it, despite billions of years of cosmic-ray exposure, provides powerful empirical evidence against the possibility of dangerous strangelet production.

Review of speculative “disaster scenarios” at RHIC

We report on measurements by the E864 experiment at the BNL-AGS of the yields of light nuclei in collisions of {sup 197}Au with beam momentum of 11.5A GeV/c on targets of {sup 208}Pb and {sup 197}Pt. The yields are reported for nuclei with baryon number A=1 up to A=7, and typically cover a rapidity range from y{sub c.m.} to y{sub c.m.}+1 and a transverse momentum range of approximately 0.1{<=}p{sub T}/A{<=}0.5 GeV/c. We calculate coalescence scale factors B{sub A} from which we extract model-dependent source dimensions and collective flow velocities. We also examine the dependences of the yields on baryon number, spin, and isospin of the produced nuclei. (c) 2000 The American Physical Society.

Measurements of light nuclei production in 11.5A GeV/c Au+Pb heavy-ion collisions

We examine the properties of both forms of strange matter, small lumps of strange quark matter (strangelets) and of strange hadronic matter (metastable exotic multihypernuclear objects (MEMOs)) and their relevance for present and future heavy-ion searches. The strong and weak decays are discussed separately to distinguish between long- and short-lived candidates where the former ones are detectable in present heavy-ion experiments while the latter ones are present in future heavy-ion experiments, respectively. We find some long-lived strangelet candidates which are highly negatively charged with a mass-to-charge ratio like a anti deuteron but masses of A = 10 - 16. We also predict many short-lived candidates, both in quark and hadronic form, which can be highly charged. Purely hyperonic nuclei such as the are bound and have a negative charge while carrying a positive baryon number. We also demonstrate that multiply charmed exotics (charmlets) might be bound and can be produced at future heavy-ion colliders.

Properties of exotic matter for heavy-ion searches

We analyze the self-similarity approach applied to study the hadron production in p-p and A-A collisions. This approach allows us to describe rather well the ratio of the proton to anti-proton yields in A-A collisions as a function of the energy at a wide range from a few GeV to a few TeV. We suggest a modification of this approach to describe rather well the inclusive spectra of hadrons produced in $pp$ collisions at different initial energies from the AGS to LHC.

Self-similarity of hadron production in p-p and A-A collisions at high energies

Relativistic heavy ion collisions offer the possibility to produce exotic metastable states of nuclear matter containing (roughly) equal number of strangeness compared with the content in baryon number. The reasoning of both their stability and existence, the possible distillation of strangeness necessary for their formation and the chances for their detection are reviewed. For the latter, emphasis is put on the properties of small lumps of strange quark matter with respect to their stability against strong or weak hadronic decays. In addition, implications in astrophysics like the properties of neutron stars and the issue of baryonic dark matter will be discussed.

https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/0954-3899/25/2/028/pdf

Physics of strange matter

We present recent results of the NA52 experiment on the strangelet search and on particle, antiparticle, light nuclei and antinuclei production in minimum bias Pb + Pb collisions at 158 A GeV and zero production angle. Upper limits for the production of strangelets are given and one candidate found using less stringent lifetime cuts is discussed. The rapidity dependence of K+(K−), p(), d(), t and as well as first results on 4He, 6Li and 7Be at forward rapidities are presented. First results on the centrality dependence of the /p ratio are reported. Within the framework of a thermodynamical and a coalescence model, the temperature, the baryon- and strangeness-chemical potentials and the radius of the particle source at midrapidity have been estimated.

Recent results from experiment NA52 at the CERN SPS

https://cds.cern.ch/record/2299563/files/C97-03-22_P497.pdf

Strangelet search and antinuclei production studies in Pb + Pb collisions

We searched for long-lived strange quark matter particles, so-calledstrangelets, and studied particle and antiparticle production in Pb+Pb collisions at 158 GeV/c per nucleon at zero degree production angle. We give upper limits for the production of strangelets covering a mass to charge ratio up to 120 GeV/c
 2 and lifetimest
 lab>1.2 μs and plot invariant differential production cross sections as a function of rapidity for a variety of particles.

Strangelet search and particle production studies in Pb + Pb collisions at 158-A-GeV/c at CERN SPS

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Recent results from experiment NA52 at the CERN SPS

Strangelet search and antinuclei production studies in Pb + Pb collisions

Strangelet search and particle production studies in Pb + Pb collisions at 158-A-GeV/c at CERN SPS