The deviation from first-order perturbation theory in the description of the impact parameter dependence of L-subshell ionisation probabilities has been estimated by model calculations of 0.9 MeV amu-1 Ne on Yb and Pt collisions. The applied model takes into account the strong distortion of the L shell by solving a truncated set of coupled equations which describe the time evolution of the L-substate amplitudes. According to the model the subshell couplings lead to a large reduction of the L1-subshell ionisation probabilities, but they alter the L3 probabilities to a lesser extent. As a result of crossing of the probability curves predicted by the relativistic first-order theory at small impact parameters disappears, in accordance with the experimental observation of Dexheimer et al (1986). The possibilities of further improvements in the theoretical description are discussed. The evaluation procedure applied by Dexheimer et al to extract the ionisation probabilities from the measured X-ray yields is also analysed as a source of the remaining discrepancies between experiment and theory.

Coupled-states model calculations of L-subshell ionisation probabilities for Ne on Yb, Pt collisions

The impact parameter dependence of L-subshell ionisation probabilities I(Li(b)) has been measured for 0.9 MeV u-1 He on Pt (Zua=80), Ne on Pt (Zua=88) and Ne on Yb (Zua=80), and for 6 MeV p on Au. For the collision system 0.9 MeV u-1 (I(b)<10-3) the authors observed the crossing of I(LI) and ILIII) at a very low value of the impact parameter, in good agreement with first-order perturbation theory; this crossing is due to relativistic effects in the electronic wavefunctions. For increasing perturbation (I(b) to 10-2), however, the b dependence of measured L-subshell ionisation probabilities I(Li(b)) differs strongly from the predicted values. These deviations can be explained by vacancy sharing mechanisms between the L subshells during the collision process.

Experimental evidence for vacancy sharing between L subshells in very asymmetric ion-atom collisions

The deviations of the experimental L-subshell ionization probabilities relative to the semiclassical approximation are discussed in terms of couplings between the target atomic states during the collision by means of a relativistic one-centre coupled channel formalism with hydrogenic wavefunctions. Numerical results are compared with experimental data for systems He+Pt, Ne+Pt, Ne+Yb at 0.9 MeV amu-1 and S+Au at 1 MeV amu-1. A simple inclusion of the screening effect presented in this work yields a major improvement in the description of the L-shell ionization probabilities. The intra-L-shell couplings modify slightly the ionization probabilities for light projectiles but they have a marked effect for heavier projectiles. The couplings between the L and M shells were also included, but they were found to have only a small influence as compared with intra-L-shell couplings.

Coupled channel treatment of the L-shell ionization in ion-atom collisions

Precision manufacturing requirements are the key to ensuring the quality and reliability of biomedical implants. The powder bed fusion (PBF) technique offers a promising solution, enabling the creation of complex, patient-specific implants with a high degree of precision. This technology is revolutionizing the biomedical industry, paving the way for a new era of personalized medicine. This review explores and details powder bed fusion 3D printing and its application in the biomedical field. It begins with an introduction to the powder bed fusion 3D-printing technology and its various classifications. Later, it analyzes the numerous fields in which powder bed fusion 3D printing has been successfully deployed where precision components are required, including the fabrication of personalized implants and scaffolds for tissue engineering. This review also discusses the potential advantages and limitations for using the powder bed fusion 3D-printing technology in terms of precision, customization, and cost effectiveness. In addition, it highlights the current challenges and prospects of the powder bed fusion 3D-printing technology. This work offers valuable insights for researchers engaged in the field, aiming to contribute to the advancement of the powder bed fusion 3D-printing technology in the context of precision manufacturing for biomedical applications.

Powder Bed Fusion 3D Printing in Precision Manufacturing for Biomedical Applications: A Comprehensive Review

For 1 MeV p to Sm the impact parameter dependence of the L-subshell ionization and of the alignment parameters A20 and A22 have been measured. For the spherically symmetrical LI-subshell good agreement with standard SCA and coupled channel calculations has been observed. For the LII-, LIII-subshell and the alignment parameters, however, severe deviations from the theoretical predictions within the SCA approach have been found. As a possible reason for these discrepancies a quasi-adiabatic adjustment of wavefunction to the rotating internuclear axis is discussed.

https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/0953-4075/26/20/016/pdf

Sm L-subshell ionization probabilities and alignment as a function of the impact parameter for 1 MeV proton impact

For 3.6 MeV He impact theLI andLIII subshell ionization probabilities of Pt have been measured. Due to relativistic effects in the electron wave functions, theLI subshell ionization probabilityILI(b) is strongly enhanced at small impact parameters exceeding evenILIII(b) in nice agreement with the SCA theory.

The influence of the electron wave function on the PtL I andL III ionization probabilities by 3.6 MeV he impact

Stability of Vacancies in Β-Type Ti-15mo-5zr-3al Alloy Fabricated Via Laser Powder Bed Fusion

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The influence of the electron wave function on the PtL I andL III ionization probabilities by 3.6 MeV he impact

Stability of Vacancies in Β-Type Ti-15mo-5zr-3al Alloy Fabricated Via Laser Powder Bed Fusion