Defect related photocatalytic and photoluminescent characteristics of Gd-doped SnO2 nanoparticles with different shapes

Abstract The active layer quality significantly impacts perovskite solar cell performances. In competition with the common spin, the electrodeposition (ED) method has emerged as a cost‐effective, scalable, and environmentally friendly alternative for perovskite deposition. This article combines an up‐to‐date critical review with experimental results for the development of perovskite photovoltaics. The first review section offers a critical understanding of the current state of the art for the processing of perovskite using an ED step. With the comparison of various methods described in the literature, the pros and cons of the technique are reviewed to assess its applicability at the industrial scale. The second part presents experimental findings from the authors, resulting from a 5‐year experience in this area. Various important and specific topics are covered including the optimization of the ED parameters, the influence of the substrate, the material's selection, the architecture, and the impact on active surface properties. The comparison of the performance data from the literature and the new set of experimental data allows to pace the way for the future development and the integration of stable, affordable, and large‐scale photovoltaics cells. 

Electrodeposition in Perovskite Solar Cells: A Critical Review, New Insights, and Promising Paths to Future Industrial Applications

The polyaniline (PANI) and ZnO doped polyaniline composite (PANI/ZnO) films were synthesized by electrochemical polymerization on transparent ITO glass substrate using cyclic voltammetry for 10th cycle by potential sweep from −200 to 900 mV vs.SCE in sulfuric acid medium with aniline monomer precursor and LiClO4supporting salt at room temperature. The doping effects of ZnO on PANI properties were studied; electrical properties of PANI and PANI/ZnO composite were estimated from Mott–Schottky analysis which demonstrated an n-type conductivity for all films with carrier concentrations in order of 1017and 1019 for PANI and PANI/ZnO composite respectively. The effect of the concentration of ZnO dopant in the electrolyte on the morphology and the composition of the PANI were investigated from scanning electron microscopy coupled Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy analysis (SEM+EDS). UV-VIS was investigated to study the optical characteristics of the films such as transmittance and band gap energy. The characteristics of the films were found to be depending on the concentration of ZnO particles in the electrolyte during electrochemical polymerization. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) confirms the links and the interaction between PANI and ZnO dopant.

https://www.mdpi.com/2673-4583/3/1/110/pdf

Electro Synthesis and Characterization of PANI and PANI/ZnO Composites Films

In this study, we aimed to evaluate the characteristic changes in polyvinyl alcohol-based nanofibers after being stored with black sea salmon fillets. For this purpose, electrospun nanofibers were produced as control (PVA), black carrot extract-incorporated (PVAB), and extract+SnO2 incorporated (PVASN), and their properties were compared. Morphological results showed the formation of regular ultrafine nanostructures, and differences between nanofiber samples were evaluated by measuring fiber diameters. Nanofiber sizes increased with the addition of black carrot and SnO2. Elemental analysis was performed to obtain information about the concentration in the nanofibers. Different O and Sn concentrations indicated that important constituents of anthocyanins and SnO2 were attached to the samples. The location of C, O, Sn atoms was determined by Energy Spectrum Analysis (EDS) color mapping, which confirmed the attachment of Sn in the PVASN sample. To elucidate the relationship between spoilage and the absorption of volatiles from smoked salmon fillets, nanofibers and fillets were kept together in a petri dish at room temperature. After being stored with salmon meat, the PVASN sample showed fewer entanglements without any defects. Upon exposure to volatiles, molecular structures changed, and water contact angle values decreased. X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) results indicated the state of the polymer matrix and SnO2. Chemical bond interactions with released volatiles effected the peak parameters of nanofibers. 3D and 2D surface topographical images of PVASN were also compared before and after storage using a profilometer. This study's results showed that functionalized nanofibers with extract-SnO2 could be applied as an intelligent food packaging layer, providing valuable data about the potential usage of electrohydrodynamic processing. 

Evaluation of intelligent packaging functions of black carrot extract-infused polyvinyl alcohol nanofibers

Most of the studies on tin oxide coatings as electrode materials were conducted on titanium; in this study, the aim was to create pure tin oxide (SnO 2 ) films on graphite substrate, which is more prevalent than titanium. There is a lack in investigation the effect of SnCl 2 and HNO 3 concentrations on the prepared SnO 2 electrode; therefore, the aim of this work was to study these effects precisely. Also, no previous study investigated the removal of phenol sonoelectrochemically by a SnO 2 electrode, which would be accomplished in the present work. The tin dioxide electrode was produced by cathodic electrodeposition using a SnCl 2 ·2H 2 O solution in the presence of HNO 3 and NaNO 3 on a graphite plate substrate. The impact of various operating parameters (current density – CD, HNO 3 concentration, and SnCl 2 ·2H 2 O concentration) on the morphology and structure of the SnO 2 deposit layer was thoroughly investigated. The physical structures of the SnO 2 film were determined by X‑ray diffraction (XRD), surface morphology was characterized using field‑emission scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and chemical composition was analyzed using energy‑dispersive X‑ray spectroscopy (EDX). In a batch reactor, the sonoelec - trochemical oxidation of phenol was tested to determine the performance of the best SnO 2 electrodes for phenol degradation and any organic byproducts. It was discovered that 10 mA/cm 2 , 50 mM of SnCL 2 ·2H 2 O, and 250 mM of HNO 3 were the optimum conditions to prepare SnO 2 electrodes, which produced the smallest crystal size, with no appeared cracks, and gave the best phenol removal. The best prepared electrode was tested in the sonoelec-trochemical oxidation of phenol with two different electrolytes and different CD, and the results showed that the phenol removal was 76.87% and 64.68% when using NaCl and Na 2 SO 4 , respectively, as well as was 63.39, 76.87, and 100% for CD at 10, 25, and 40 mA/cm 2 , respectively.

pdf/modified-graphite-with-tin-oxide-as-a-promising-electrode-1ydfpk6vkk.pdf

Modified Graphite with Tin Oxide as a Promising Electrode for Reduction of Organic Pollutants from Wastewater by Sonoelectrochemical Oxidation

Influence of deposition potential on the electrochemical growth and photocatalysis performance of SnO2 nanostructures

Tin oxide (SnO2) thin films were synthesized by electrodeposition method from nitric acid medium with SnCl2 precursor and NaNO3 supporting electrolyte at 70 °C. The effect of pH electrolyte in the properties of SnO2 thin films was investigated. Cyclic voltammetry (CV) was utilized for the determination of the selective potential for electrodeposition of pure SnO2. Mott–Schottky (M–S) plots and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) techniques were carried out to estimate the electrical characteristics of the SnO2 thin films deposited at different pH electrolytes. These latter techniques show n-type conductivity for all the samples with optimal carrier density of 8.41 × 1020/cm3 and high value of conductivity for the films electrodeposited at pH ~ 1.10. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) observations showed that the SnO2 thin films obtained at different pH are more homogenous in appearance and present lower surface roughnesses at lower pH value. Structural analysis of the SnO2 thin films was performed by X-ray diffraction (XRD) which exhibit a polycrystalline structure for pH ~ 1.25 and amorphous one for another pH values. From the optical study, the transmittance and the gap energy were founded to be depending to the pH of electrolyte.

Electrodeposition of tin oxide thin film from nitric acid solution: the role of pH

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Influence of deposition potential on the electrochemical growth and photocatalysis performance of SnO2 nanostructures

Electrodeposition of tin oxide thin film from nitric acid solution: the role of pH