The possible beneficial effects of a specially pulsed electric field (PEF) on wound healing were investigated in this study. We made a pair of triangular, full-thickness, dorsal incisions in the skin of 32 healthy male mice (one control group and three exposure groups). The treatment groups were kept between parallel plates in a partially insulated exposed environment. Group I was exposed to an electric field intensity of 10 kV/m, group II was exposed to 1.9 kV/m, and group III was exposed to 0.9 kV/m. PEFs were applied to the subjects for 20-22 h and 8 consecutive days. We determined the differences in wound recovery between the groups based on the following parameters: collagen fiber density, inflammatory infiltration density, capillary proliferation, and existence of exudates. We found that a 0.9 kV/m-1.9 kV/m chopped direct current (DC) electric field with a 30 micros repetition time favorably affected collagen synthesis and wound recovery. Despite the intensity of 0.9-1.9 kV/m, PEF accelerated healing, but 10 kV/m decelerated this recovery process.

Effects of a specially pulsed electric field on an animal model of wound healing

In a perspective of biomedicine and informatics, the mechanism of Alzheimer's, senile amnesia, or other aging-associated and cognitive impairment related diseases involve four important informative processing procedures: propagation, consolidation, retrieval and cognition, In this study, we systematically model the four procedures based on published experimental data. When modeling the propagation, we develop an equivalent circuit of biological membrane to describe how the neuron signals are propagated, attenuated, compensated, transferred, oscillated and filtered; and how wrong signals are related to the diseases. Our circuit involves complex admittances, resonance angular frequencies, propagating constants, active pump currents, transfer functions in frequency domain and memory functions in time domain. Our circuit explains recurrent of brain neurons and clinical EEG frequencies as well as represents an encoding of current or electric field intensity (EFI). When modeling the consolidation and the retrieval of long term memory (LTM), we emphasize the EFI consists of a non conservative electric field intensity (NCEFI) and a conservative electric field intensity (CEFI). It is mostly a NCEFI of acquired information to evoke an informative flow: from the inherited or mutant DNA to the transcribed RNA, from the transcribed RNA to the translated proteins. Some new synthesized proteins relate to the memory functions. The charges of the proteins and the memory functions mostly store the LTM and play an important role during the LTM retrieval. When modeling the cognition in working memory (WM), our model demonstrates: if a sum of two sets of EFI signals is enhanced positively (or negatively), at a sub-cellular level (especially at the axon hillock), the sum supports a positive (or negative) cognition; otherwise, the sum tends to be no cognition. A set of related brain neurons in WM work organically to vote, by EFI signal outputs through their axons, if they recognize or cognize an object.

/pdf/biomedicine-and-informatics-model-of-alzheimer-s-disease-5faecyzi7y.pdf

Biomedicine and Informatics Model of Alzheimer's Disease

The purpose of this study was to examine the effects and the mechanism of a pulsed electric field (PEF) on insulin and its subsequent mediation of proliferative changes in human hepatocytes in vitro. The PEF, the electric field intensity coupled into the culture medium, was about 0.7 V/m with a repeating frequency of 50 Hz. Insulin solution was exposed to PEF for 20 min and added to the culture medium of human hepatocytes. Combining fluorescence spectroscopy, immunocytochemistry, microarrays, RT-PCR and MTT, several important events of the insulin signaling pathways were investigated, including ligand-receptor binding capacity, intracellular tyrosine phosphorylation level, gene transcription, and cell proliferation. PEF produced a conformational change of insulin molecule. The binding capacity of insulin to its receptors was reduced to 87% of the control level after PEF treatment, and the average intracellular tyrosine phosphorylation level decreased by 11%. The expression of 55 of 12,000 genes examined was modified, including an increase in the expression of human tyrosine phosphatase and the small GTP-binding protein. Based on these results, a mechanism is proposed to explain the bio-effects of PEF on hepatic cell proliferation through the insulin signaling pathway.

Pulsed electric field exposure of insulin induces anti-proliferative effects on human hepatocytes

This work presents a novel micro electrical impedance spectroscopy (μEIS) technique that can measure and discriminate the electrical signal responses of biotissues in real time. An EoN (EIS-on-a-needle), EIS on the surface of a fine needle (400 μm in diameter), was fabricated using a newly developed flexible photomask film. The base material of the photomask is parylene-C, which allows uniform contact on the curved surface of the needle; thus, the designed electrode patterns of the photomask can be transferred onto the needle surface with a high resolution (2.95 % or less in dimensional error). To validate the developed EoN as an electrical sensor, ex vivo experiments with various biotissues—butchered pork (skin, fat, and muscle) and human breast tissues (normal and cancerous)—were conducted by measuring real-time electrical impedance during a frequency sweep. The conductivities (relative permittivity) of the pork tissues were evaluated by electrical equivalent circuit analysis: 56.6 mS/m (37,800), 68.0 mS/m (74,755), and 74.9 mS/m (26,145) for the skin, fat, and muscle, respectively. Moreover, the normal and cancerous tissues were well distinguished by electrical resistance at 4.04 kHz for various cancer grades (Elston grades 1, 2, and 3). Analysis of the electrical impedance suggests that the EoN can be utilized to diagnose the physiological states of biotissues in clinical use.

Micro Electrical Impedance Spectroscopy (μEIS) Fabricated on the Curved Surface of a Fine Needle for Biotissue Discrimination

Acupuncture and meridian channels have been major components of Chinese and Eastern Asian medicine—especially for analgesia—for over 2000 years. In recent decades, electroacupuncture (EA) analgesia has been applied clinically and experimentally. However, there were controversial results between different treatment frequencies, or between the active and the placebo treatments; and the mechanisms of the treatments and the related meridian channels are still unknown. In this study, we propose a new term of infophysics therapy and develop information models of acupuncture (or EA) analgesia and meridian channels, to understand the mechanisms and to explain the controversial results, based on Western theories of information, trigonometry and Fourier series, and physics, as well as published biomedical data. We are trying to build a bridge between Chinese medicine and Western medicine by investigating the Eastern acupuncture analgesia and meridian channels with Western sciences; we model the meridians as a physiological system that is mostly constructed with interstices in or between other physiological systems; we consider frequencies, amplitudes and wave numbers of electric field intensity (EFI) as information data. Our modeling results demonstrate that information regulated with acupuncture (or EA) is different from pain information, we provide answers to explain the controversial published results, and suggest that mechanisms of acupuncture (or EA) analgesia could be mostly involved in information regulation of frequencies and amplitudes of EFI as well as neuronal transmitters such as endorphins.

https://www.mdpi.com/2078-2489/1/2/153/pdf

Information Models of Acupuncture Analgesia and Meridian Channels

The authors examined experimentally the relationship between perpendicular and tangential electrical conductivities, {sigma}, and peak current density J, in pig skin dermis and subcutaneous fat specimens by using a four-electrode measuring system with rectangular pulse electrical current (RPEC). They also investigated the relationship of the conductivity, {sigma}, vs. pulse rate, f. The rates were selected at 8, 32, 64, and 128 pulses per second (pps), and the pulse width was fixed at 140 {micro}s. These values are often used in vivo to enhance cutaneous regeneration with RPEC stimulation. It was found that the conductivities may be approximated to be {sigma}{sub d} = [{sigma}{sub dx}{sigma}{sub dy}{sigma}{sub dz}] = [0.38 S/m 0.38 S/m 0.27 S/m] for the skin dermis and {sigma}{sub f} = [{sigma}{sub fx}{sigma}{sub fy}{sigma}{sub fz}] = [0.074 S/m 0.074 S/m 0.045 S/m] for the subcutaneous fat in the conditions of this experiment. These findings implies that the conductivities of the pig skin dermis and subcutaneous fat are anisotropic, i.e., {sigma}{sub x} = {sigma}{sub y} {ne} {sigma}{sub z}. It was also found that the conductivities are independent of current density and pulse rate in the current range from 20 {micro}A/cm{sup 2} to 120 mA/cm{sup 2}.

Conductivities of pig dermis and subcutaneous fat measured with rectangular pulse electrical current

The dual nature, wave and particle, of ions in the biological system was considered. A theoretical model, based on the steady state Schrodinger equation and Maxwell-Bolzmann distribution of energy, is proposed to describe passive transport of ions through a biological membrane channel in a time independent field. Constant height (V2) and length(L) of the potential energy barrier and effective mass of ions are used in the model. This model shows that an ion may go through or be reflected from a channel whether its energy is lower or higher than the barrier. This is a departure from classical theory. Based on a published I-Vm (channel current-transmembrane voltage) curve from an activated K+ channel in a human erythrocyte membrane [Palle Christophersen, 1991], calculations with our model show that more than 99% of the channel current is contributed by ions with higher energy than the potential barrier. The current can be amplified 10,000 times while V2 is reduced from 0.45 eV (channel closed) to 0.20 eV (channel opened) at Vm = 0.07 V. In contrast, the current changes only 1.5% while L is narrowed from 90 A to 30 A at Vm = 0.07 V, V2 = 0.20 eV. The energy barrier: V2 = 0.16 + 0.43 Vm (eV), at r = 0.99, for 0.02 V < or = Vm < or = 0.12 V.

Schrodinger equation, Maxwell-Bolzmann distribution and a single channel current

In this article, we study complete convergence and complete moment convergence for negatively dependent random variables under sub-linear expectations. The results obtained in sub-linear expectation spaces extend the corresponding ones in probability space.

Complete convergence for weighted sums of negatively dependent random variables under sub-linear expectations

We developed stimulating and detecting electrodes. We experimentally examined three dimensional (3-D) distributions of electric fields in living pig skin under and around the stimulating electrodes with the detecting electrodes and rectangular pulsed electrical current stimulation (RPECS). We verified our previous physical assumption, E approximately I/(A sigma dz), in the skin under the electrode, where E, I, A and sigma dz respectively represent the electric field, the externally imposed peak current, the cross sectional area of the stimulating electrode and the perpendicular conductivity of the skin. Pulses were 30 mA, 140 microseconds and 128 pulses per second (pps). These parameters were previously used in our laboratory to enhance cutaneous regeneration, in vivo, with RPECS.

In vivo 3-D distributions of electric fields in pig skin with rectangular pulse electrical current stimulation (RPECS).

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Conductivities of pig dermis and subcutaneous fat measured with rectangular pulse electrical current

Schrodinger equation, Maxwell-Bolzmann distribution and a single channel current

Complete convergence for weighted sums of negatively dependent random variables under sub-linear expectations

In vivo 3-D distributions of electric fields in pig skin with rectangular pulse electrical current stimulation (RPECS).

How small are the increments of <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline" id="d1e52" altimg="si5.svg"><mml:mi>G</mml:mi></mml:math>-Brownian motion