A pot experiment was conducted in an open greenhouse to explore the use of citrate-coated cobalt ferrite nanoparticles (CoFe2O4 NPs) as a source for Fe fortification of three wheat lines (Triticum aestivum L.). Two of the three wheat lines tested differ in their efficiency concerning Zn storage in their grains (efficient and inefficient), and one had inefficient P-absorption. The NPs were supplied by foliar or soil application of Fe at 330 mg L-1, and 46 or 68 mg kg-1 soil, respectively. A positive control (Fe-EDTA salt, a conventional iron fertilizer) and a negative control (no fertilization) were also included to compare the efficiency of NP fertilization. Soil fertilization with NPs improved the grain yield and Fe concentration in the grains compared with the foliar application of NPs and conventional Fe fertilizer. Application of soil NPs at 68 mg kg-1 increased the grain yield by 52% and 21% compared with the control and soil Fe-EDTA treatments, respectively. Likewise, grain Fe concentration increased by 96% and 72% compared with the control and soil Fe-EDTA treatments, respectively. The phytic acid concentration in grains and the phytic acid:Fe ratio decreased by 6% and 62%, respectively, due to the soil application of NPs (68 mg Fe per kg). The Fe grain concentration of lines inefficient for Zn storage and P-uptake in plants from soil fertilized with NPs (68 mg Fe per kg) was 1.37 and 0.26 fold above the target biofortification concentration (60 mg Fe per kg). Cobalt concentration in grains ranged from 9 to 16 mg kg-1. These concentrations were below the maximum allowable limit of Co in grains (50 mg kg-1) recommended by FAO and the WHO. Our results showed that Fe supplied as NPs may improve the nutritional quality of wheat grains, and the economic yield. However, there remains a long way to go to achieve effective and economic use of nanotechnology for the nutritional development of wheat.

Citrate-coated cobalt ferrite nanoparticles for the nano-enabled biofortification of wheat.

Nano-priming is an emerging application of nanotechnology in agriculture intending to increase crop yield and nutritional quality while reducing fertilizer applications. This study aimed to investigate the effects of seed priming with citrate-coated CoFe2O4 nanoparticles (NPs) suspensions (10, 20, and 40 mg NPs L−1) on the life cycle of the Phaseolus vulgaris L. OTI cultivar and evaluate the technology costs. The effect of nano-priming was assessed in the germination, flowering, and harvest stages. Unprimed and hydro-primed seeds were negative and positive controls, respectively. Nano-priming with CoFe2O4 NPs had no effect neither on the germination nor on plant nutrition (in the flowering stage) of OTI beans compared to unprimed and hydro-primed seeds. In contrast, nitrogenase activity (343.3 ± 1.1 µmol h−1 plant−1 of C2H4) was detected in the plants from the 40 mg kg−1 nano-primed seeds. The K concentration of progeny seeds from nano-priming with 10, 20, and 40 mg NPs L−1 increased significantly by 3%, 16%, and 13% compared to the control seeds. The Zn concentration in the seeds from nano-priming with 10 mg NPs L−1 was 27% higher than in the control and 28% higher than in the hydro-primed seeds. When nano-priming with 40 mg NPs L−1, the Zn concentration was 5% and 6% higher than the control and hydro-primed seeds. The calculated cost of nano-priming seeds per ha ranged from 121 to 143 USD. In this regard, nano-priming of bean seeds with citrate-coated CoFe2O4 NPs could be a low-cost approach to achieve nutritional security and agricultural sustainability.

Nano-priming of Phaseolus vulgaris OTI cultivar with cobalt ferrite nanoparticles enhances the mineral composition of progeny seeds

Acid mine drainage is a serious environmental problem faced by the mining industry globally, causing the contamination of numerous agricultural lands and crops. Against this background, this study aims to investigate the effects of AMD on soybean, one of the major crops. To monitor the effects of AMD on soybean quickly and non-destructively, we have proposed a technique called biospeckle optical coherence tomography (bOCT). Soaked soybean seeds were monitored by bOCT, once after 6 h and again after germination, i.e., 48 h, and the results were compared with conventional parameters such as enzyme activity, iron uptake, and seedling length. It was found that bOCT could detect the effects due to the AMD after just 6 h with a decrease in a parameter called bisopeckle contrast that reflects the internal activity of the seeds. On the other hand, the conventional parameters required a week for the effects to appear, and the results from bOCT after six hours were consistent with those obtained by conventional measures. Because of the non-invasive nature of bOCT, requiring only tens of seconds of measurement with an intact, it has not only the potential to screen but could also constantly monitor long-term changes, thus possibly contributing to the study of the effects of AMD on crops.

/pdf/a-real-time-non-invasive-technique-for-visualizing-the-23g0bjkn.pdf

A Real-Time, Non-Invasive Technique for Visualizing the Effects of Acid Mine Drainage (AMD) on Soybean

Iron biofortification for enhancing yield, nutrient uptake and iron nutrition in soybean (Glycine max L.)

<title>Abstract</title> Nano-priming is an emerging application of nanotechnology in agriculture intending to increase crop yield and nutritional quality, while reducing fertilizer applications. This study aimed to investigate the effects of seed priming with citrate-coated CoFe2O4 nanoparticles (NPs) suspensions (10, 20, and 40 mg NPs L− 1) on the life cycle of the <italic>Phaseolus vulgaris</italic> L. OTI cultivar and evaluate the technology costs. The effect of nano-priming was assessed in the germination, flowering, and harvest stages. Unprimed and hydro-primed seeds were negative and positive controls, respectively. Nano-priming with CoFe2O4 NPs had no effect neither on the germination nor on plant nutrition (in the flowering stage) of OTI beans compared to unprimed and hydro-primed seeds. In contrast, nitrogenase activity (343.3 ± 1.1 µmol h− 1 plant− 1 of C2H4 ) was detected in the plants from the 40 mg kg− 1 nano-primed seeds. The K concentration of progeny seeds from nano-priming with 10, 20, and 40 mg NPs L− 1 increased significantly by 3%, 16%, and 13% compared to the control seeds. The Zn concentration in the seeds from nano-priming with 10 mg NPs L− 1 was 27% higher than in the control and 28% higher than in the hydro-primed seeds. When nano-priming with 40 mg NPs L− 1, the Zn concentration was 5% and 6% higher than the control and hydro-primed seeds. The calculated cost of nano-priming seeds per ha ranged from 121 to 143 USD. In this regard, nano-priming of bean seeds with citrate-coated CoFe2O4 NPs could be a low-cost approach to achieve nutritional security and agricultural sustainability.

The nutritional value of Glycine max L. (soybean) and its yield potential for improving sustainability of agricultural systems has resulted into its increased production. Soybean crop has potential to replace the rice crop in the rice-wheat cropping system. However, the crop has shown high sensitivity towards iron (Fe) deficiency, and thus recorded major yield and nutritional quality losses. Thus, a three-year field experiment was planned to compare the impact of the application rate (0.5% and 1.0%) and number of sprays of FeSO4 on yield, Fe nutrition, and economic outcomes of soybeans. The Fe application posed a beneficial impact on the studied parameters due to an increase in enzymatic activity of Fe-containing enzymes. Among various treatments, maximum increase in grain and straw yield (3064 and 9341 kg ha−1, respectively) was obtained with 0.5% FeSO4 application at 30, 60, and 90 DAS over the control (2397 and 6894 kg ha−1, respectively). Similar results were attained for grain Fe concentration (69.9 mg kg−1) and Fe uptake in grain and straw (214 and 9088 g ha−1, respectively). The results were statistically non-significant, with the treatment in which 0.5% FeSO4 was applied at 30 and 60 DAS. The economic returns of soybean cultivation were also highest with 0.5% FeSO4 application at 30, 60, and 90 DAS with highest benefit; the cost (3.02) followed by treatment in which 0.5% FeSO4 was applied at 30 and 60 DAS. Thus, 0.5% FeSO4 application at 30, 60, and 90 DAS can be recommended for soybeans grown on sandy loam soil followed by 0.5% FeSO4 application at 30and 60 DAS to harness maximum yield, Fe concentration, and profitability. 

https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0472/12/5/586/pdf?version=1650632243

Biofortification of Soybean (Glycine max L.) through FeSO4·7H2O to Enhance Yield, Iron Nutrition and Economic Outcomes in Sandy Loam Soils of India

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Biofortification of Soybean (Glycine max L.) through FeSO4·7H2O to Enhance Yield, Iron Nutrition and Economic Outcomes in Sandy Loam Soils of India