Rural development: putting the last first

Maps synthesizing climate, biophysical and socioeconomic data have become part ofthe standard tool-kit for communicating the risks of climate change to society. Vulnerability maps are used to direct attention to geographic areas where impacts on society are expected to be greatest and that may therefore require adaptation interventions. Under the Green Climate Fund and other bilateral climate adaptation funding mechanisms, donors are investing billions of dollars of adaptation funds, often with guidance from modeling results, visualized and communicated through maps and spatial decision sup- port tools. This paper presents the results of a systematic review of 84 studies that map social vulnerability to climate impacts. These assessments are compiled by interdisciplin- ary teams ofresearchers, span many regions, range in scale from local to global, and vary in terms of frameworks, data, methods, and thematic foci. The goal is to identify com- mon approaches to mapping, evaluate their strengths and limitations, and offer recom- mendations and future directions for the field. The systematic review finds some convergence around common frameworks developed by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, frequent use of linear index aggregation, and common approaches to the selection and use of climate and socioeconomic data. Further, it identifies limitations such as a lack of future climate and socioeconomic projections in many studies, insuffi- cient characterization of uncertainty, challenges in map validation, and insufficient engagement with policy audiences for those studies that purport to be policy relevant. Finally, it provides recommendations for addressing the identified shortcomings.

/pdf/climate-vulnerability-mapping-a-systematic-review-and-future-1cxaicj87o.pdf

Climate vulnerability mapping: A systematic review and future prospects

Vulnerability to global environmental change in natural ecosystems and rural areas: A question of lalitude?

Dire Dawa city is identified as one of the most flood-affected cities in Ethiopia. Classifying village-level flood vulnerability using flood indicators is a new approach to Dire Dawa city. Analysis of different flood vulnerability factors underpins sustainable flood risk management and the application of Flood Vulnerability Index (FVI) approach is the hub of this study. Relevant data were collected from 110 households sampled from purposely selected 10 villages found in Dire Dawa city. The flood vulnerability index was used to compare, classify and rank villages in terms of their flood vulnerability levels. For this purpose, 24 sets of indicators which are strongly affecting the levels of flood vulnerability were assessed from social, economic and physical perspectives. The FVI of each village was computed with unequal method of weighting indicators. The findings of the study revealed that Dire Dawa city villages were experiencing varying levels of flood vulnerability. Accordingly, villages 05, 06, 07 and 09 were identified with high flood vulnerability level while villages 03, 04 and 08 and villages 01, 02 and extension village were identified with medium and low level of vulnerability, respectively. Interestingly, the findings of the study confirmed that social factors contributed much for flood vulnerability in Dire Dawa city. Hence, future urban flood risk planning and management endeavors in the city of Dire Dawa must be underpinned by proper utilization of the flood vulnerability map developed addressing social vulnerability component through both structural and non-structural urban flood risk management measures.

Urban flood vulnerability assessments: the case of Dire Dawa city, Ethiopia

This paper addresses the relationship between vulnerability and climate change induced human population displacement. Anthropogenic climate change is increasingly altering the way people live. A significant consequence of the effects of climate change is human displacement due to climate effects such as hurricanes, sea level rise, and drought. People displaced by the effects of climate change suffer from a legal protection gap. Increasing global attention is being addressed at closing this gap. This paper explores the relationship between vulnerability and climate change induced displacement by analyzing case studies of hurricane induced displacement in the U.S. Gulf Coast, cyclone induced displacement in Bangladesh, and drought induced displacement in Somalia. Analysis of these case studies demonstrates that there is a relationship between socioeconomically vulnerable populations and displaced populations. Both in developed and developing countries, environmental displacement affects vulnerable populations disproportionately. Policy aimed at closing the legal protection gap for environmentally displaced persons should address the socioeconomic inequalities that make marginalized groups more vulnerable to climate change.

/pdf/vulnerability-and-climate-change-induced-human-displacement-3mrlvvgszm.pdf

Vulnerability and Climate Change Induced Human Displacement

This report was prepared as part of the ADB funded project “Vulnerability to Climate Change: Adaptation
Strategies and Layers of Resilience”. The study tried to address the perception of farmers on changes in
climate variables, trends in village level institutions and other socio-economic variables such as cropping
pattern, natural resources, constraints in effective adaptation. Purposive stratified sampling techniques
were adopted in selecting the study area and the households. Four villages from northeast region of
Thailand (two villages from Chok Chai district and 2 villages from Chatturat district) were selected for this
study. Both quantitative and qualitative data were collected through farmer surveys, group discussions and
key informant interviews. The villagers perceived a reduction in rainfall and increase in variability including
onset of major rainy season. The villages have been experiencing increased incidence of drought resulting in
yield loss, non- availability of water for irrigation, increased pest and diseases attack, and migration. Farmers
perceived a minor increase in agriculture over the years; however, there is still a trend of diversification of
livelihood among farmers from traditional agriculture to high-value crops and other non-agricultural sectors.
Over the years, there have been slow but steady improvements in the human development indicators,
village infrastructure and collective initiatives in all the study villages. Increased diversification in cropping
pattern, improvement in market access, etc, are seen in these villages. The rural community in the study
villages tries to cope with these changes by reducing expenses on food, working as agricultural or non-farm
labor, leasing crop land, making changes in cropping pattern and in crop management strategies. The higher
degree of impact of these climate-related risks is comparatively on landless and smallholder farmers than
on medium and large farmers. They have identified a list of constraints that prevents them from succeeding
in efficient adaptation such as lack of sufficient information on climate change and potential adaptation
technologies, sufficient support programs, market and other livelihood options.

Vulnerability to Climate Change: Adaptation Strategies and Layers of Resilience – Quantifying Vulnerability to Climate Change in Bangladesh

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Vulnerability to Climate Change: Adaptation Strategies and Layers of Resilience – Quantifying Vulnerability to Climate Change in Bangladesh