One of the most promising ways to probe intergalactic magnetic fields (IGMFs) is through gamma rays produced in electromagnetic cascades initiated by high-energy gamma rays or cosmic rays in the intergalactic space. Because the charged component of the cascade is sensitive to magnetic fields, gamma-ray observations of distant objects such as blazars can be used to constrain IGMF properties. Ground-based and space-borne gamma-ray telescopes deliver spectral, temporal, and angular information of high-energy gamma-ray sources, which carries imprints of the intervening magnetic fields. This provides insights into the nature of the processes that led to the creation of the first magnetic fields and into the phenomena that impacted their evolution. Here we provide a detailed description of how gamma-ray observations can be used to probe cosmic magnetism. We review the current status of this topic and discuss the prospects for measuring IGMFs with the next generation of gamma-ray observatories.

The Gamma-Ray Window to Intergalactic Magnetism

https://www.mdpi.com/2218-1997/7/7/223/pdf

The Gamma-ray Window to Intergalactic Magnetism

Between March 16, 1997 and April 14, 1997, a high flux level of TeV γ-rays was observed from Mkn 501, using the HEGRA stereoscopic system of four imaging Cherenkov telescopes. The flux level varied during this period from about one half up to six times the flux observed from the Crab Nebula. Changes of the detection rate by a factor of up to 4 within 1 day have been observed. The measured differential energy spectrum of the radiation follows a power law from 1 TeV to 10 TeV. The differential spectral index of 2.47 ±0.07 ± 0.25 is close to that of the Crab Nebula of 2.66 ± 0.12 ± 0.25.

Measurement of the flux, spectrum, and variability of tev gamma -rays frommkn 501 during a state of high activity

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Measurement of the flux, spectrum, and variability of tev gamma -rays frommkn 501 during a state of high activity