Pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan (L.) Millspaugh) is one of the most important food legume crops in the semi-arid regions of the world. India is the largest pigeonpea growing country however; its productivity per unit area by world standard is sparingly low and stagnant owing to several biotic and abiotic stresses. In order to increase its productivity, high yielding and disease resistant varieties/hybrids should be developed. Hence, an attempt was made to assess relationship between heterosis and genetic diversity as well as forming heterotic groups for pigeonpea breeding. Three CMS lines were crossed with 20 elite genotypes/restorers in a line x tester mating system and the resultant 60 F1 hybrids along with their parents were evaluated for various morphological traits to predict the genetic relationship among parents and heterosis in their crosses. The parental genotypes under study fell into five distinct non-overlapping clusters. Maximum intra-cluster distance was in cluster III (263.80) followed by cluster IV (253.62) and cluster I (244.81). The intercluster distances varied from 299.93 (between cluster I and II) to 727.79 (between cluster II and IV). Generally, the crosses derived from high diversity group showed high positive significant heterosis for seed yield. However, some crosses give very high negative heterosis for seed yield although their parents belong to a high diversity group. The reason for this possibly will be linkage of alleles for complex genetic traits as biomass and yield. Consequently, the precision of genetic distance can be obtained by estimating genetic distance through molecular techniques. Among the top fifteen heterotic hybrids for seed yield, ten crosses were resulted from crossing between parents of low diversity while, five from the high diversity group. Heterotic grouping evinced that usually, yield, heterosis and specific combining ability are higher in inter-group crosses than in intra-group crosses. It could be concluded that genetic diversity can be utilized as a reliable parameter for predicting heterosis in hybrids.

/pdf/relationship-between-heterosis-and-genetic-diversity-in-7yo4a6ej44.pdf

Relationship between heterosis and genetic diversity in Indian pigeonpea [Cajanus cajan (L.) Millspaugh] accessions using multivariate cluster analysis and heterotic grouping.

Twenty seven hybrids were developed utilizing three lines (two CMS and one GMS) and nine testers and their hybrids were evaluated for ten characters in order to understand the gene action in pigeonpea. The combining ability analysis revealed that variances due to dominance
was higher than variances due to additive for all characters indicating the preponderance of non additive gene action governing these traits. Among the lines, MS CO5 and among the testers, CORG 9060, PA 128, CORG 7 and ICPL 83027 were the best general combiners for seed
yield. Most of the crosses showing significant sca effects involved one good and one poor or even negative general combiners. The crosses MS CO 5 x CORG 9060, MS CO 5 x PA 128, MS CO5 x CORG 7 , MS CO5 x ICPL 83027 and CORG 990047 A x APK 1 would be suitable for exploiting
heterosis for increased pod in pigeonpea.

Combining ability in CMS/GMS based pigeonpea(Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp.,) hybrids

An investigation on heterosis in CMS based hybrids of pigeonpea [Cajanus cajan
(L.) Millsp.] was carried out during kharif 2015 at International Crops Research Institute
for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), Patancheru with 24 hybrids and four checks to
elicit the information on magnitude of the genetic variability, heritability, genetic
advance as per cent of mean, character association, path coefficient analysis, extent of
fertility restoration and heterosis. Observations were recorded on ten characters viz., days
to 50% flowering, days to maturity, plant height (cm), number of primary branches per
plant, number of secondary branches per plant, number of pods per plant, pod weight per
plant, 100 seed weight (g), grain yield per plant (g) and mean pollen fertility %.
Analysis of variance showed significant differences among the hybrids for all the
characters studied indicating a high degree of variability in the experimental material.
The genotypic coefficients of variation for all the characters studied were lesser than the
phenotypic coefficients of variation indicating the influence of environment on
expression of these traits. High genetic variability coupled with high heritability and
genetic advance as per cent of mean were recorded for number of primary branches per
plant, number of secondary branches per plant and pollen fertility % indicating the role
of additive genes in governing the inheritance of these traits.
The correlation study indicated that grain yield per plant was significantly
associated with days to 50% flowering, days to maturity, number of primary branches,
number of secondary branches, number of pods per plant and pod weight indicating their
importance as selection criteria in pigeonpea yield improvement programmes.
Path coefficient analysis revealed that pod weight per plant and number of
primary branches had positive direct effects on seed yield per plant. Hence, these traits
should be considered as important selection criteria in all yield improvement
programmes and direct selection for these traits is recommended.
Fertility restoration studies showed that 15 out of 24 hybrids recorded high (>80
%) pollen fertility and exhibited better fertility restoration. Nine out of 13 male lines
showed fertility restoration of more than 80% and were classified as restorers for
corresponding CMS lines.
The present investigation also revealed high levels of heterosis i.e. over 50% in
traits like number of pods per plant, pod weight per plant and grain yield per plant. ICPH
3762 and ICPH 4502, with high per se performance and high standard heterosis for grain
yield per plant and for majority of yield attributes, were identified as promising hybrids.

HETEROSIS IN CMS BASED HYBRIDS OF PIGEONPEA [Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp.]

Despite the release of two high yielding and Fusarium wilt resistant varieties, most of the smallholder farmers in Malawi still grow local landraces, which are low yielding due to their susceptibility to Fusarium wilt disease. A survey was conducted in the southern region of Malawi to evaluate farmers’ perceptions of the disease; to assess pigeonpea production and marketing constraints; to establish why local landraces are preferred; and to identify landraces with desirable traits that can be used in the genetic improvement of the crop. A participatory rural appraisal was used to identify production and marketing constraints as well as traits that farmers value in local landraces. Farmerand buyer-participatory variety selection was used to identify local landraces with desirable traits. These landraces were to be used in the pigeonpea improvement programme to develop genotypes that are not only resistant to Fusarium wilt disease, but also maintain desirable traits. Ten farmers in each of the six major pigeonpea growing districts participated in the study. The results of the survey showed that farmers perceive Fusarium wilt as the main problem in pigeonpea production. Despite the fact that most of the local landraces were susceptible to Fusarium wilt, they accounted for 84% of the total pigeonpea production in Malawi. Most farmers do not deploy any control measures due to small land holding size. The majority of the farmers recycled seed or shared it among themselves to maintain the desirable traits. Other pigeonpea production constraints included pests, low soil fertility, flower abortion, and weather factors. Pigeonpea is mainly consumed as cooked dry seeds, and forms part of the ration for the workers in large-scale estates. Traders export pigeonpea as dhal or whole grain seeds to Asia, Europe and South Africa. Farmers prefer local landraces for such traits as fast cooking, taste, large seed size, and high prices. The trade, on the other hand, prefers large white seeded varieties for ease of processing into dhal and/or whole grain export markets. There is a need to improve the resistance in the local landraces to Fusarium wilt, while maintaining the desirable traits. Farmers and buyers selected ten local landraces, coded AP1 AP10, from a collection of 43 germplasm accessions that were used as parental materials in the breeding programme.

/pdf/development-of-high-yielding-pigeonpea-cajanus-cajan-2ejap2j2wm.pdf

Development of high yielding pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) germplasm with resistance to Fusarium wilt (Fusarium udum) in Malawi

To recognize proper parents for hybrid pigeonpea inheritance pattern of some polygenic traits was studied. The results showed that estimates of SCA variance were higher than their corresponding GCA variance for all the traits except plant height. The values of average degree of dominance were more than unity (>1) and predictability ratio was less than unity (<1) for all the traits except plant height, signifying non-additive gene action which resulted from dominance, over dominance, epistatic and various other interaction effects. Predominance of non-additive effects specifies that population is heterozygous, as such this type of genetic variance is non-fixable. Hence, heterosis breeding is effective for increasing yield potential of pigeonpea. On the basis of general combining ability, the male lines ICP 2309, NDA 2, NDA 3, NDA 96-6, NDA 98-6 and, ICP 2155 and CMS line NDACMS 1-6A were found most promising parents for yield and its major attributes. The crosses, NDACMS 1-4A x NDA GC 31, NDACMS 1-6A x NDA 5-14, NDACMS 1-6A x NDA 8-6, NDACMS 1-4A x IPA 208, NDACMS 1-3A x NDA 98-6, NDACMS 1-4A x Bahar, NDACMS 1-6A x NDA 96-1, NDACMS 1-4A x Amar had high estimates for parents and good specific combining ability effects, hence, it may be considered for hybrid breeding programme.

/pdf/studies-on-gene-action-and-combining-ability-of-cytoplasmic-1wt3zbujk1.pdf

Studies on gene action and combining ability of cytoplasmic-genic male sterile hybrids in pigeonpea [Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp.].

Combining ability analysis was carried out in pigeonpea through line × tester analysis revealed the preponderance of non-additive gene action over additive for all the characters studied. The parents, CO 5, VBN 1, and ICPL 83027 were found to be good general combiners for majority of characters. The hybrids, VBN 1 × ICPL 83027, ICPL 87 × ICPL 83024, CORG 9701 × APK 1, CORG 9904 × ICPL 83027 had good sea effects for most of the traits including seed yield and can be utilized in heterosis breeding programme.

Studies on combining ability in pigeonpea {Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp.}

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Studies on combining ability in pigeonpea {Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp.}