Cavitation in water: a review

Increasing energy demand and environment concerns have prompted an evolution of alternative fuel sources. As an alternative fuel source, biodiesel is attractive because it reduces engine emissions. However, biodiesel produces higher NOx emissions compared to ordinary diesel fuel. Previous researches have established many factors that cause biodiesel to produce elevated NOx emissions. This study reviews the impacts of biodiesel combustion on NOx emissions and their reduction approaches in diesel engines. The first part of this study recaps the NOx formation mechanisms for understanding the kinetics behind the NOx forming reactions. The second part describes the factors affecting on NOx emissions. This paper established that higher NOx emissions are produced for biodiesel combustion which influenced by several factors such as physicochemical properties and molecular structure of biodiesel, adiabatic flame temperature, ignition delay time, injection timing and engine load conditions etc. The final section discusses on the reduction of NOx emissions from biodiesel fuelled engines for both pre and post combustion techniques. The results of reduction approaches of the NOx emissions implies, exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) and retarded injection timing are effective as well as low cost techniques than others. Between these two techniques, EGR reduces the NOx emissions at 5–25% EGR rate adequately in biofuelled engine by controlling oxygen content and combustion peak temperature with slightly decreasing HC and CO emissions. However this technique shows few penalties on smoke and PM emissions as well as brake specific fuel consumption if not perfectly optimized.

Impacts of biodiesel combustion on NOx emissions and their reduction approaches

Nanofluids are described as a relatively new kind of colloidal solutions with a particle size smaller than one billionth of a meter (1–100 nm) suspended in the base fluid so as to enhance the thermophysical properties, which makes them an obvious choice for use in number of commercial applications including engineering, medical sciences, biotechnology, agriculture technology, transportation etc. With the advancement in nanotechnology during last few years, scientific community focuses on improvising combustion behavior, stability aspects, various engine performance parameters and emission characteristics of conventional diesel engine using nanoparticle laden diesel biodiesel fuel blends. Most recently few experimental works on above issues using nanosized metallic, non-metallic, organic and mixed particles in the base liquid fuel for diesel engine have appeared in the open literature. The obtained results are very encouraging due to multifold enhancement in thermo physical and chemical properties of modified fuel such as high surface to volume ratio, high reactive medium for combustion, enhanced heat and mass transport properties due to high thermal conductivity, improvement in flash point, fire point, pour point etc depending upon the type of nanoparticles used, their particle size and concentration with base fuel. Despite having all superiorities, somewhat unclear and contradictory results are found in the literature, further the experimental results of different researchers are not generalized so far as to reach at common consensus about this new approach of fuel modification. Keeping all these facts in mind, a serious attempt has been made to summarize the important published work on combustion and stability aspects of nanoparticle laden diesel, biodiesel fuels and their blends, and its effects on fuel and engine overall characteristics with the objective to provide a pathway to conduct further research in this area for utilizing maximum potential of nanoparticle fuel emulsion technology and to provide a promising future fuel for diesel engine.

A comprehensive review on combustion and stability aspects of metal nanoparticles and its additive effect on diesel and biodiesel fuelled C.I. engine.

An experimental investigation was conducted in a single cylinder constant speed diesel engine to establish the effects of Carbon Nanotubes (CNT) with the Jatropha Methyl Esters (JME) emulsion fuel. The JME was produced from the Jatropha oil by transesterification process, and subsequently the JME emulsion fuel was prepared in the proportion of 93% of JME, 5% of water and 2% of surfactants (by volume) with a hydrophilic–lipophilic balance of 10. The Carbon Nanotubes are blended with the JME emulsion fuel in the various dosages systematically. The whole investigation was conducted in the diesel engine using the following fuels: neat JME, neat JME emulsion fuel and CNT blended JME emulsion fuels accordingly. The experimental results revealed an appreciable enhancement in the brake thermal efficiency for the CNT blended JME emulsion fuels compared to that of neat JME and neat JME emulsion fuel. At the full load, the brake thermal efficiency for the JME fuel observed was 24.80%, whereas it was 26.34% and 28.45% for the JME2S5W and JME2S5W100CNT fuels respectively. Further, due to the combined effects of micro-explosion and secondary atomization phenomena associated with the CNT blended JME emulsion fuels, the level of harmful pollutants in the exhaust gases (such as NOx and smoke) was drastically reduced when compared to that of neat JME. At the full load, the magnitude of NOx and smoke opacity for the neat JME was 1282 ppm and 69%, whereas it was 910 ppm and 49% for the JME2S5W100CNT fuel respectively.

Performance, emission and combustion characteristics of a diesel engine using Carbon Nanotubes blended Jatropha Methyl Ester Emulsions

A comparison of water–diesel emulsion and timed injection of water into the intake manifold of a diesel engine for simultaneous control of NO and smoke emissions

Diesel engine performance and emission evaluation using emulsified fuels stabilized by conventional and gemini surfactants

From production through the intake, food hygiene particularly applies to the situations and processes that must be followed from production to consumption to guarantee the safety of the food produced. Food contamination may occur throughout the butchering or collecting, manufacturing, storage, distribution, transportation, and preparation processes. Food hygiene is described as “all circumstances and measures required throughout production, processing, storage, distribution, and preparation to guarantee the food is clean, healthy, and edible” Foodborne infections and even death can result from proper food hygiene. Around the world, contaminated food causes 600 million cases of foodborne disease and 420,000 deaths each year. Nearly 30% of all foodborne deaths worldwide occur in children under five. Campylobacter and norovirus are the main culprits found in most foodborne cases reported. Therefore, this research aims to assess food service providers' food hygiene knowledge, attitude, and practice at various phases of food supply. Moreover, this research also focused on different parts of the food supply chain, such as processing, manufacturing, and cooking. This review will also help develop stricter regulations and guidelines for food service providers to prevent more foodborne diseases. Keywords: food hygiene; foodborne diseases; food service providers; food handlers.

/pdf/a-systematic-review-of-food-hygiene-control-in-food-service-2iawwzhz.pdf

A Systematic Review of Food Hygiene Control in Food Service Providers: Review from 2000 - 2022

Handle everyday research tasks with reliable, citation-backed results

Your personal Research Agent to handle research tasks with citation-backed results

Popular Tasks used by Researchers

How can I help with your research?

Meet SciSpace

Get more enhanced response by uploading the PDFs you want me to reference.

No relevant PDFs in your library

SciSpace is the AI research assistant for academics. Run systematic literature reviews on 280M+ papers, and write papers with cited sources. Trusted by 1M+ students, PhDs & researchers.

SciSpace | AI for Research

Analyze PDFs

Code & Manuscripts

Funding & Grants

Literature & Patents

Medical & Clinical Data

Systematic Review

Visualize & Present

Web & Data

Build a Google Scholar-like website for your research.

Build a website

Create charts and images for your research

Create a Chart

Write a paper for submission to a journal

Draft a manuscript

Patent Search

Design eye-catching scientific posters in minutes.

Scientific Poster Generation

Systematic Literature Review

One task is running at the moment. Your messages will be shown right after.

Drag and drop or click here to browse

Loved by <highlight>1 million+</highlight> researchers

Extract a list of specific topics and their sources from unstructured text

Topics

Compare and analyze relevant papers that matches with your search

Papers

Get insights from PDFs and bookmarked papers from your library

My library

Recent searches

Try searching for:

Catch AI-generated content in scholarly and non-scholarly content

{ai} Detector

Ai Writer

Get PDF Summaries, highlighted text explanations 

Chat with PDF

Effortlessly create in-text citations and bibliographies in APA and 2,500 other formats

Citation generator

Get explanations, summaries, and answers on academic papers

Ease up your research workflow with {scispace}'s cohort of exciting AI tools

Elevate your academic writing skills and convey your ideas the way you want

Paraphraser

Explore our range of reading and writing tools

Your file is being prepared and should be ready in a few minutes. If it's a large file, it might take a bit longer. You can close this window, and we'll email you the file when it's done.

You have reached a maximum limit of <strong>{limit}</strong> columns in the table. Remove at least <strong>1</strong> column to add or create another one.

K. Anuar

Author Tools

Chat about Author

Papers

Diesel engine performance and emission evaluation using emulsified fuels stabilized by conventional and gemini surfactants

A Systematic Review of Food Hygiene Control in Food Service Providers: Review from 2000 - 2022