Internet of Things (IoT) is an emerging domain that promises ubiquitous connection to the Internet, turning common objects into connected devices. The IoT paradigm is changing the way people interact with things around them. It paves the way for creating pervasively connected infrastructures to support innovative services and promises better flexibility and efficiency. Such advantages are attractive not only for consumer applications, but also for the industrial domain. Over the last few years, we have been witnessing the IoT paradigm making its way into the industry marketplace with purposely designed solutions. In this paper, we clarify the concepts of IoT, Industrial IoT, and Industry 4.0. We highlight the opportunities brought in by this paradigm shift as well as the challenges for its realization. In particular, we focus on the challenges associated with the need of energy efficiency, real-time performance, coexistence, interoperability, and security and privacy. We also provide a systematic overview of the state-of-the-art research efforts and potential research directions to solve Industrial IoT challenges.

Industrial Internet of Things: Challenges, Opportunities, and Directions

With the introduction of the Internet of Things (IoT) and cyberphysical system (CPS) concepts in industrial application scenarios, industrial automation is undergoing a tremendous change. This is made possible in part by recent advances in technology that allow interconnection on a wider and more fine-grained scale. The purpose of this article is to review technological trends and the impact they may have on industrial communication. We will review the impact of IoT and CPSs on industrial automation from an industry 4.0 perspective, give a survey of the current state of work on Ethernet time-sensitive networking (TSN), and shed light on the role of fifth-generation (5G) telecom networks in automation. Moreover, we will point out the need for harmonization beyond networking.

The Future of Industrial Communication: Automation Networks in the Era of the Internet of Things and Industry 4.0

One of the most significant advances in the development of computer science, information and communication technologies is represented by the cyber-physical systems (CPS). They are systems of collaborating computational entities which are in intensive connection with the surrounding physical world and its on-going processes, providing and using, at the same time, data-accessing and data-processing services available on the Internet. Cyber-physical production systems (CPPS), relying on the latest, and the foreseeable further developments of computer science, information and communication technologies on one hand, and of manufacturing science and technology, on the other, may lead to the 4th industrial revolution, frequently noted as Industrie 4.0. The paper underlines that there are significant roots in general – and in particular to the CIRP community – which point towards CPPS. Expectations towards research in and implementation of CPS and CPPS are outlined and some case studies are introduced. Related new R&D challenges are highlighted.

Cyber-physical systems in manufacturing

This paper provides an overview of the recent developments in data-based techniques focused on modern industrial applications. As one of the hottest research topics for complicated processes, the data-based techniques have been rapidly developed over the past two decades and widely used in numerous industrial sectors nowadays. The core of data-based techniques is to take full advantage of the huge amounts of available process data, aiming to acquire the useful information within. Compared with the well-developed model-based approaches, data-based techniques provide efficient alternative solutions for different industrial issues under various operating conditions. The main objective of this paper is to review and summarize the recent achievements in data-based techniques, especially for complicated industrial applications, thus providing a referee for further study on the related topics both from academic and practical points of view. This paper begins with a brief evolutionary overview of data-based techniques in the last two decades. Then, the methodologies only based on process measurements and the model-data integrated techniques will be further introduced. The recent developments for modern industrial applications are, respectively, presented mainly from perspectives of monitoring and control. The new trends of data-based technique as well as potential application fields are finally discussed.

Data-Based Techniques Focused on Modern Industry: An Overview

A review of Internet of Things (IoT) embedded sustainable supply chain for industry 4.0 requirements

Cyber-Physical Systems (CPSs) represent a new paradigm of future intelligent systems. They consist of loosely coupled subsystems which interact with mechanisms of Service-oriented Architecture (SoA). In this paper we try to open a new topic in industrial communications. This topic is focused on basic communication patterns within CPSs. Patterns are abstract and generic solutions for common problems in the design of systems. They have a defined feature set, their flaws are known, and they help to avoid repeating errors. Furthermore, patterns introduce a common vocabulary within a community, which simplifies communication between people and documentation. Patterns often represent best practices that are used in already existing protocols. Therefore this work starts to evaluate different existing communication protocols in the scope of SoA and loosely coupled systems, extracts common tasks and implementations, and identifies common communication patterns.

Communication patterns for Cyber-Physical Systems

Because energy efficiency is gaining more importance these days and Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) could be used to make use of potential everyday objects into Internet of Things (IOT) - a software, platform and vendor independent common service interface that can be used in such low resource devices has high potential. OPC UA is an emerging middleware solution that addresses the above points but is bulky due to its abundant features. Further optimization is necessary to bring the OPC UA into such resource-limited devices. We have scaled down the OPC UA protocol stack footprint down to the chip level [16]. In this paper, we propose an optimization approach to minimize the OPC UA network footprint.

/pdf/an-optimized-opc-ua-transport-profile-to-bringing-bluetooth-11lrc315hz.pdf

An optimized OPC UA transport profile to bringing Bluetooth Low Energy Device into IP networks

Industrial automation systems become more and more open for vertical integration using standardized information technology from the office world and access to the field level via Internet (Internet of Things and Industry 4.0). To protect such open automation systems there is a growing demand for the availability of suitable security features. However, real-time communication protocols used in automation networks typically provide no security functionalities and automation networks are vulnerable to numerous threats. In order to protect open automation systems, at least the authenticity of transferred data should be ensured. Therefore, an analysis of algorithms suitable for authenticity protection of data transferred by real-time Ethernet communication systems is presented in this paper. This includes an analysis of these algorithms and measurement results for a typical embedded system used in industrial Ethernet devices.

Performance evaluation of MAC algorithms for real-time Ethernet communication systems

In the industrial automation a paradigm shift from centralized, static automation structures to reconfigurable manufacturing systems (RMS) might be lie ahead. RMS are seen as a key enabler for the required changeability of future production companies since they can reduce the engineering effort needed for the reconfiguration of existing or the construction of new production systems. However, it is not clear how the companies can benefit from RMS in detail. For example, the reduction of engineering effort cannot be expressed in figures by today. But such information is necessary to convince the industry of the advantages of the new production principle. Indeed, existing RMS paradigms like Service-Oriented Architectures are rarely used in the practice of automation. The basis for analyzing the advantages of RMS is an analysis of the status quo in the industrial automation. Regarding the engineering effort of current automation systems, this paper will present a case study considering the effort occurring during the commissioning process of a production system constructed by state-of-the-art components. The evaluation of the study can serve as a reference when comparing the engineering effort of RMS with today's systems.

Analyzing the engineering effort for the commissioning of industrial automation systems

Der Trend einer zunehmenden Produkt- und Variantenvielfalt macht es notwendig, Betriebsmittel so zu planen, dass diese moglichst fur ein breites Produktspektrum einsetzbar oder einfach auf neue Produkte oder Produktvarianten umzurusten sind. Hierdurch entsteht in vielen Branchen der Bedarf nach wandlungsfahigen Fertigungssystemen. Wandlungsfahigkeit oder Rekonfiguration bedeutet, ein Fertigungssystem mit einfachen Mitteln umbauen zu konnen, um die Systemfunktionen an veranderte oder neue Anforderungen strukturell anzupassen. Diese Anpassungen sollten moglichst ohne Experten erfolgen konnen. Dazu kann das an die Computertechnik angelehnte Prinzip des ,,Plug and Produce“ vorteilhaft genutzt werden. In diesem Beitrag wird dieses Prinzip an zwei Fertigungssystemen der Smart Factory OWL, einer gemeinsamen Initiative der Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft und der Hochschule Ostwestfalen-Lippe in Lemgo, erlautert.

,,Plug-and-Produce“ für Fertigungssysteme

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