Les locuteurs bilingues utilisent souvent des marqueurs discursifs d'une langue lorsqu'ils s'expriment dans l'autre langue. En allemand du Texas, les locuteurs utilisent des marqueurs anglais dans la conversation. Apres avoir montre comment les marqueurs anglais sont utilises dans les dialectes allemands-americains, l'A. tente de demontrer que les marqueurs discursifs anglais ne representent pas un changement de code, dans le corpus etudie, mais ont plutot un statut d'emprunt

Bilingual discourse marking: code switching, borrowing, and convergence in some German-American dialects

Abstract This study is concerned with the distribution of the definite article in German with plural nominals that have a generic reading . In Standard German, genericity is typically expressed by bare nouns (Tiger sind gefährlich ‘Tigers are dangerous’). Many researchers have claimed that there is variation in article use in the expression of generic reference in German (e.g., Brugger 1993; Longobardi 1994; Krifka et al. 1995; Chierchia 1998; Dayal 2004; Oosterhof 2008), but very little empirical evidence has been provided to support this claim. Besides filling this research gap, we investigate which factors influence the use of articles in plural subjects with generic reference. In doing so, we include linguistic factors (kind-level vs. individual-level predicates) as well as sociolinguistic factors (age and regional background). Results show that with generic plural subjects definite articles are optional but bare subjects are preferred; definite subjects are accepted more often with kind-level predicates than with individual-level predicates.

/pdf/definite-article-use-with-generic-reference-in-german-an-kk28s08n4m.pdf

Definite article use with generic reference in German : an empirical study

In this article I shall address the following question: which kind of the Standard German should be integrated into the course curriculum of "German as a foreign language"? In order to answer this question, however, it is argued that Standard German is by no means homogenous, rather a distinction must be drawn between national and regional standard varieties. The "standard" variety typically taught in these courses neither exists as an ideal standard variety used in everyday speech, nor does it adequately portray the actual linguistic situation. In this article it is therefore advocated that both the variability of the standard as well as the results of the latest sociolinguistic research be taken into account when designing the curriculum for "German as a foreign language".

/pdf/standardsprache-im-daf-unterricht-normstandard-nationale-31084sfowz.pdf

Standardsprache im DaF-Unterricht: Normstandard – nationale Standardvarietäten – regionale Standardvarietäten

This book, designed for students who have already developed a basic competence in German, aims to broaden and improve their vocabulary by providing detailed information on groups of German words with related meanings. It is invaluable as a guide to finding the right word for the context. In order to enhance understanding of the structure of the German vocabulary, groups of synonyms are organised under German (rather than English) headwords. All entries are accompanied by an example of usage and English glosses and there are two indexes allowing users quickly to locate words in German or English. The book takes full account of register variation, indicating the degree of formal or informal use, and reflects regional usage especially in Austria and Switzerland. It is an essential reference for intermediate and advanced students as well as teachers and other professional linguists seeking access to the finer nuances of the German language.

Using German synonyms

National varieties are sets of variants typical for public communicative use and national identification of a country's population. In Central Europe at least two meanings of national should be distinguished, as in pre-Bismarckian Germany: state-national and culture-national. There are state-national varieties of German which are marked by a distance-keeping attitude toward Standard German: Letzebuergesch as a standardized spoken and written national language, and Swiss German regional dialects, which are considered as the spoken national language. Loyalty to Standard German and to culture-national German traditions is strongest and most solid in the FRG, the GDR, and Austria, with a broad variability between standard and dialects or jargons. In each of these three countries there are many countryspecific variants (mainly lexical) for state-national identification. The FRG has more linguistic influence on the GDR and on Austria than vice versa, for geographic and demographic reasons. But this can no longer be explained as 'linguistic imperialism', for today the FRG, among the German-speaking countries, is the one with the highest inclination toward linguistic pluralism, norm tolerance, and subculture variability. So the plurinational German language culture of today has a rather pluricentric structure. This paper was written in February 1988. After the unexpected events of October 1989 some points concerning the GDR became antiquated. Varianten und Varietäten Die Heterogenität natürlicher Sprache, die in der traditionellen deutschen Sprachwissenschaft auf den Ebenen der Dialekte und regionalen Umgangssprachen längst eine Selbstverständlichkeit war, ist seit den 50er Jahren auch in Bezug auf die Hochdeutsch, Hochsprache, Schriftsprache, Literatursprache genannte deutsche Standardsprache sprachsoziologisch 0165-2516/90/0083-0005 $2.00 Ini'l. J. Soc. Lang. 83 (1990), pp. 5-38 © Walter de Gruyter

Nationale Varietäten der deutschen Sprache

Wortatlas der deutschen Umgangssprachen

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Wortatlas der deutschen Umgangssprachen