Antibiotics in the aquatic environment - A review - Part II

Occurrence of sulfonamide residues along the Ebro river basin: Removal in wastewater treatment plants and environmental impact assessment

This review provides a comprehensive overview about nonextractable residue (NER) formation and attempts to classify the various types. Xenobiotic NER derived from parent pesticides (or other environmental contaminants) and primary metabolites sorbed or entrapped within the soil organic matter (Type I) or covalently bound (Type II) pose a considerably higher risk than those derived from productive biodegradation. However, biogenic nonextractable residues (bioNER) (Type III) resulting from conversion of carbon (or nitrogen) from the compounds into microbial biomass molecules do not pose any risk. Experimental approaches to clearly distinguish between the types are provided, and a model to prospectively estimate bioNER formation in soil is proposed.

Classification and Modelling of Nonextractable Residue (NER) Formation of Xenobiotics in Soil – A Synthesis

Overview of sulfonamide biodegradation and the relevant pathways and microorganisms.

Two aerobic sulfadiazine (SDZ) degrading bacterial strains, D2 and D4, affiliated with the genus Arthrobacter, were isolated from SDZ-enriched activated sludge. The degradation of SDZ by the two isolates followed first-order decay kinetics. The half-life time of complete SDZ degradation was 11.3 h for strain D2 and 46.4 h for strain D4. Degradation kinetic changed from nongrowth to growth-linked when glucose was introduced as the cosubstrate, and accelerated biodegradation rate was observed after the adaption period. Both isolates could degrade SDZ into 12 biodegradation products via 3 parallel pathways, of which 2-amino-4-hydroxypyrimidine was detected as the principal intermediate product toward the pyrimidine ring cleavage. Compared with five Arthrobacter strains reported previously, D2 and D4 were the only Arthrobacter strains which could degrade SDZ as the sole carbon source. The draft genomes of D2 and D4, with the same completeness of 99.7%, were compared to other genomes of related species. Overal...

Aerobic Degradation of Sulfadiazine by Arthrobacter spp.: Kinetics, Pathways, and Genomic Characterization.

The fate of 14C-labeled sulfadiazine (14C-SDZ) residues was studied in time-course experiments for 218 days of incubation using two soils (Ap horizon of loamy sand, orthic luvisol; Ap horizon of si...

Fate in soil of 14C-sulfadiazine residues contained in the manure of young pigs treated with a veterinary antibiotic

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Fate in soil of 14C-sulfadiazine residues contained in the manure of young pigs treated with a veterinary antibiotic