Satellite communications (SatComs) have recently entered a period of renewed interest motivated by technological advances and nurtured through private investment and ventures. The present survey aims at capturing the state of the art in SatComs, while highlighting the most promising open research topics. Firstly, the main innovation drivers are motivated, such as new constellation types, on-board processing capabilities, non-terrestrial networks and space-based data collection/processing. Secondly, the most promising applications are described, i.e., 5G integration, space communications, Earth observation, aeronautical and maritime tracking and communication. Subsequently, an in-depth literature review is provided across five axes: i) system aspects, ii) air interface, iii) medium access, iv) networking, v) testbeds & prototyping. Finally, a number of future challenges and the respective open research topics are described.

/pdf/satellite-communications-in-the-new-space-era-a-survey-and-13ge69opzh.pdf

Satellite Communications in the New Space Era: A Survey and Future Challenges

Integration of renewable energy and optimization of energy use are key enablers of sustainable energy transitions and mitigating climate change. Modern technologies such the Internet of Things (IoT) offer a wide number of applications in the energy sector, i.e, in energy supply, transmission and distribution, and demand. IoT can be employed for improving energy efficiency, increasing the share of renewable energy, and reducing environmental impacts of the energy use. This paper reviews the existing literature on the application of IoT in in energy systems, in general, and in the context of smart grids particularly. Furthermore, we discuss enabling technologies of IoT, including cloud computing and different platforms for data analysis. Furthermore, we review challenges of deploying IoT in the energy sector, including privacy and security, with some solutions to these challenges such as blockchain technology. This survey provides energy policy-makers, energy economists, and managers with an overview of the role of IoT in optimization of energy systems.

Internet of Things (IoT) and the Energy Sector

Fifth-generation (5G) telecommunication systems are expected to meet the world market demands of accessing and delivering services anywhere and anytime. The Non-Terrestrial Network (NTN) systems are able to satisfy the requests of anywhere and anytime connections by offering wide-area coverage and ensuring service availability, continuity, and scalability. In this work, we review the 3GPP NTN features and their potential for satisfying the user expectations in 5G & beyond networks. The state of the art, current 3GPP research activities, and open issues are summarized to highlight the importance of NTN over the wireless communication landscape. Future research directions are also identified to assess the role of NTN in 5G and beyond systems.

/pdf/non-terrestrial-networks-in-5g-beyond-a-survey-2dzcj9d4xa.pdf

Non-terrestrial networks in 5G & beyond: A survey

Non-terrestrial networks (NTNs) traditionally have certain limited applications. However, the recent technological advancements and manufacturing cost reduction opened up myriad applications of NTNs for 5G and beyond networks, especially when integrated into terrestrial networks (TNs). This article comprehensively surveys the evolution of NTNs highlighting their relevance to 5G networks and essentially, how it will play a pivotal role in the development of 6G ecosystem. We discuss important features of NTNs integration into TNs and the synergies by delving into the new range of services and use cases, various architectures, technological enablers, and higher layer aspects pertinent to NTNs integration. Moreover, we review the corresponding challenges arising from the technical peculiarities and the new approaches being adopted to develop efficient integrated ground-air-space (GAS) networks. Our survey further includes the major progress and outcomes from academic research as well as industrial efforts representing the main industrial trends, field trials, and prototyping towards the 6G networks. 

Evolution of Non-Terrestrial Networks From 5G to 6G: A Survey

Research and processing development on satellite communications has strongly re-emerged in recent years. Following the prosperity of various wireless services provided by satellite communications, the security issue has raised growing concerns since the space information network is susceptible to be eavesdropped by illegal adversaries in such a large-scale wireless network. Recently, the physical-layer security (PLS) has emerged as an alternative security paradigm that explores the randomness of the wireless channel to achieve confidentiality and authentication. The success story of the PLS technique now spans a decade and thrives to provide a layer of defense in satellite communications. With this position, a comprehensive survey of satellite communications is conducted in this article with an emphasis on PLS. We first briefly introduce essential background and the view of the satellite Internet of Things (IoT), as well as discuss related research challenges faced by the emerging integrated network architecture. Then, we revisit the most popular satellite channel model influenced by many factors and list the commonly used secrecy performance metrics. Also, we provide an exhaustive review of state-of-the-art research activity on PLS in satellite communications, which we categorize by different architectures including land mobile satellite communication networks, hybrid satellite-terrestrial relay networks, and satellite-terrestrial integrated networks. In addition, a number of open research problems are identified as possible future research directions.

Physical-Layer Security in Space Information Networks: A Survey

As outlined in the 3Gpp Release 16, 5G satellite access is important for 5G network development in the future. A terrestrial-satellite network integrated with 5G has the characteristics of low delay, high bandwidth, and ubiquitous coverage. A few researchers have proposed integrated schemes for such a network; however, these schemes do not consider the possibility of achieving optimization of the delay characteristic by changing the computing mode of the 5G satellite network. We propose a 5G satellite edge computing framework (5GsatEC), which aims to reduce delay and expand network coverage. This framework consists of embedded hardware platforms and edge computing microservices in satellites. To increase the flexibility of the framework in complex scenarios, we unify the resource management of the central processing unit (CPU), graphics processing unit (GPU), and field-programmable gate array (FPGA); we divide the services into three types: system services, basic services, and user services. In order to verify the performance of the framework, we carried out a series of experiments. The results show that 5GsatEC has a broader coverage than the ground 5G network. The results also show that 5GsatEC has lower delay, a lower packet loss rate, and lower bandwidth consumption than the 5G satellite network.

SatEC: A 5G Satellite Edge Computing Framework Based on Microservice Architecture.

As the number of satellites continues to increase, satellites become an important part of the IoT and 5G/6G communications. How to deal with the data of the satellite Internet of Things is a problem worth considering and paying attention to. Due to the current on-board processing capability and the limitation of the inter-satellite communication rate, the data acquisition from the satellite has a higher delay and the data utilization rate is lower. In order to use the data generated by the satellite IoT more effectively, we propose a satellite IoT edge intelligent computing architecture. In the article, we analyze the current methods of satellite data processing, combined with the development trend of future satellites, and use the characteristics of edge computing and machine learning to describe the satellite IoT edge intelligent computing architecture. Finally, we verify that the architecture can speed up the processing of satellite data. By demonstrating the performance of different neural network models in the satellite edge intelligent computing architecture, we can find that the lightweight of neural networks can promote the development of satellite IoT edge intelligent computing architecture.

https://www.mdpi.com/2079-9292/8/11/1247/pdf

Satellite IoT Edge Intelligent Computing: A Research on Architecture

With the development of space technology, it is an inevitable trend to construct a flexible and efficient computing system for space-based information network. The traditional single-satellite computing can't meet the increasing computing requirements, and the single-satellite resource utilization rate is unsatisfactory. This paper proposes a creative space-based cloud-fog computing architecture, which combines the cloud-fog computing technology with the space-based information network. This architecture is expected to change the traditional mode of data processing that relies on ground nodes by introducing the space-based edge cloud and fog satellites. It can also significantly improve the computing and the service capabilities of on-orbit satellites. Using this computing architecture can save the transmission bandwidth of satellite-ground links and improve the real-time performance of time-sensitive service processing, bringing inspirations and innovations to the development of space information networks. In this paper, we also propose some applied scenarios and implement a simulation for verifying this computing architecture.

Space-Based Cloud-Fog Computing Architecture and Its Applications

With the development of space technology, it is an inevitable trend to build a flexible and efficient computing system for space-based information network. Traditional limited computing in single satellite cannot meet the increasing needs and cannot make effective use of the resources. This paper proposes a space-based cloud-fog computing architecture, which applies cloud-fog computing system to the space-based information network, and then we introduce the deployment of the architecture, and describe its typical application. At last, we analyze the challenges and future development of space cloud-fog computing.

Space Cloud-Fog Computing: Architecture, Application and Challenge

The satellite communication network has the advantage of wide coverage and is one of the important development directions of fifth generation network. The traditional satellite data processing method is to transmit data to the ground data center for processing. There are problems such as large bandwidth pressure for the satellite link and poor real-time performance. Facing the increasing demand for on-board computing in satellite networks, building a flexible space-based edge system is an effective means to solve this problem. In this paper, SoC FPGA (System on Chip Field Programmable Gate Array) is proposed as a computing resource of the space-based edge network, and a unified service interface is provided for users. To maximize FPGA resource utilization, we studied the elastic scaling mechanism of FPGA resources. Finally, the computational performance and power consumption efficiency of the SoC FPGA computing platform are verified by experiments.

Space-Based Computing Platform Based on SoC FPGA

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