Understanding the complex and dynamic nature of experiences requires the use of proper measurement tools. As interest grows in the objective measurement of experiences within tourism and hospitality, there is an urgent need to consolidate and synthesize these studies. Thus, this study investigated prevalent objective measurement techniques via a systematic review. We analyzed physiological measures such as electroencephalography (EEG), heart rate variability (HRV), skin conductance (SC), and facial electromyography (fEMG) along with behavioral measures, including eye tracking and location tracking. This review identified 100 empirical studies that employed objective measurement to examine tourism and hospitality experiences over the last decade, highlighting trends, research contexts and designs, and the synergies between different methods. Our discussion on methodological issues and best practices will help researchers and practitioners identify the best tools to capture people’s experiences and promote more standardized practices and comparable findings on studying experiences in tourism and hospitality settings.

Objective Measurement of Experiences in Tourism and Hospitality: A Systematic Review of Methodological Approaches and Best Practices

As a highly used form of architecture, public facilities are closely related to people’s daily lives. The aesthetic level of their design greatly affects the quality of people’s lives and interactions, as well as the appearance of the whole area. However, research on their design elements has not received enough attention, and few quantitative studies on the design of public facilities simultaneously focus on multiple influencing factors such as color and material. Therefore, this study uses eye-tracking technology and audience aesthetic preference evaluation to explore the appropriate combination of color and materials in sign design. This study found that, in the design of public facilities and in terms of aesthetic preference, firstly, color has more influence on subjective preference and objective gaze behavior than material. Secondly, men prefer technological and changeable colors and materials, and women prefer soft and uniform materials. Finally, visitors spend more time gazing at their preferred signs, which means that visitors’ top-down gaze behavior and bottom-up psychological perception are highly unified. Regarding material perception, visitors’ subjective preferences are influenced by the physical or cultural properties of the material itself. This study’s results will provide suggestions for future urban and landscape architecture design in terms of color and material aesthetics, and the research methodology can be applied to more scenarios in environmental spaces.

Design Element Preferences in Public Facilities: An Eye Tracking Study

Objective: Visual attention involves complex interaction between the cognitive and surrounding environment. Eye movement and light uniformity be the important factor that influence visual attention. Digital photos emit light compared the conventional photos. It would be advantageous to investigate and comprehend the significance of the amount of light that enters the eye, known as luminance. The primary objective of this study was to conduct luminance light and visual attention analysis using scenery images captured from tourist spots located in Fairy Cave, Sarawak. Material and Methods: There were 3 parts in this study. Part One: convenient sampling was employed to recruit three adults as tourist photographers to capture images at four pre-selected tourist locations in Fairy Cave, Sarawak. Part Two: a total of 17 photographs were chosen from a pool of forty photographs for the purpose of conducting research on the luminance and visual activity. The luminance analysis evaluated the luminosity emitted by the digital display. The luminous properties were assessed using the CA-2500 2D Colour Analyzer manufactured by Konica Minolta in Japan. The brightness profile of the images is obtained by calculating the Michelson luminance. Part Three: the Dikablis eye tracker was utilised to test the visual attention via eye tracking pattern of a sample of thirty-six adults aged 18 to 40 years. The researchers recorded and examined the total amount and duration of the fixation eye movement.Results: The 3 photographers that were recognised exhibited both similarities and differences in their photographic skills and preferences. Nevertheless, this was not incorporated into our investigation of visible spectrum light. The observed difference in brightness profiles among the images was found to be statistically insignificant (p-value&gt;0.05). Our study on eye-tracking behaviour in adults revealed significant variations in the total number of fixations (p-value&lt;0.05). Conclusion: Our findings provide valuable insights into the interplay between environmental lighting conditions and visual attention in this unique natural setting. Despite having various angle preferences, layperson photographers appear to engage in the same visible light spectrum. Our study indicates that when investigating preferences using the visual attention component, it is important to consider the total count of fixations. Additional investigation could entail the examination of professional photographers’ photography. 

A Study of Luminance and Visual Attention Patterns in Tourist Photography at Fairy Cave Sarawak

The campus landscape contributes a lot to students’ mental and physical health. Students’ emotional attachment to landscape space is an important scientific basis for landscape design. This study used immersive virtual reality eye tracking supported by HTC Vivo Pro and an emotional attachment scale to investigate the relationship between different landscape elements and students’ visual behavior and emotional attachment. ErgoLab and SPSS were used to analyze the indicators. The results showed that: (1) Artificial elements were more likely to attract students’ visual attention and continuously enhance their interest in the landscape. (2) The waterscape space was more likely to attract students’ visual attention, while the attractiveness of arbors and shrubs was related to their color and spatial location. (3) The characteristics related to nature were generally conducive to the establishment of students’ emotional attachment, including both the natural elements and artificial structures that could reflect the natural texture and time traces. (4) Three-dimensional spatial sequence design of landscape elements significantly affected students’ visual focus and emotional experience. The results further contribute to providing a clearer understanding of how students’ preference for specific landscape elements can be obtained and used in decision making for the planning and management during campus renewal and design.

Multimodal Quantitative Research on the Emotional Attachment Characteristics between People and the Built Environment Based on the Immersive VR Eye-Tracking Experiment

People often form different aesthetic preferences for natural and built environments, which affects their behavioral intention; however, it remains unknown whether this difference in aesthetic preference is due to differences in thinking styles. However, whether tourists’ aesthetic preferences differ when using different visual attention processes has not been studied further. This study used eye-tracking and self-reporting to investigate these questions. The results show that natural environment images are more favored visually because they can evoke in tourists larger pupil diameters and longer scan paths, but we found no significant difference in fixation duration and fixation counts. We also found that the scanning path of tourists who predominantly rely on intuitive thinking is modulated by the bottom-up attention process, while the scanning path of tourists who prefer rational thinking is modulated by the top-down attention process. In the bottom-up process, tourists who prefer rational thinking exhibit more positive aesthetic preferences and emotional arousal. In summary, the present study verified that aesthetic preference is more likely to be influenced by both thinking style and visual attention processing. The results of the present work provide preliminary evidence that the aesthetic preference of the environment is not only related to visual attention but also affected by the individual visual attention process and thinking style.

The effect of visual attention process and thinking styles on environmental aesthetic preference: An eye-tracking study

Handle everyday research tasks with reliable, citation-backed results

Your personal Research Agent to handle research tasks with citation-backed results

Popular Tasks used by Researchers

How can I help with your research?

Meet SciSpace

Get more enhanced response by uploading the PDFs you want me to reference.

No relevant PDFs in your library

SciSpace is the AI research assistant for academics. Run systematic literature reviews on 280M+ papers, and write papers with cited sources. Trusted by 1M+ students, PhDs & researchers.

SciSpace | AI for Research

Analyze PDFs

Code & Manuscripts

Funding & Grants

Literature & Patents

Medical & Clinical Data

Systematic Review

Visualize & Present

Web & Data

Build a Google Scholar-like website for your research.

Build a website

Create charts and images for your research

Create a Chart

Write a paper for submission to a journal

Draft a manuscript

Patent Search

Design eye-catching scientific posters in minutes.

Scientific Poster Generation

Systematic Literature Review

One task is running at the moment. Your messages will be shown right after.

Drag and drop or click here to browse

Loved by <highlight>1 million+</highlight> researchers

Extract a list of specific topics and their sources from unstructured text

Topics

Compare and analyze relevant papers that matches with your search

Papers

Get insights from PDFs and bookmarked papers from your library

My library

Recent searches

Try searching for:

Catch AI-generated content in scholarly and non-scholarly content

{ai} Detector

Ai Writer

Get PDF Summaries, highlighted text explanations 

Chat with PDF

Effortlessly create in-text citations and bibliographies in APA and 2,500 other formats

Citation generator

Get explanations, summaries, and answers on academic papers

Ease up your research workflow with {scispace}'s cohort of exciting AI tools

Elevate your academic writing skills and convey your ideas the way you want

Paraphraser

Explore our range of reading and writing tools

Your file is being prepared and should be ready in a few minutes. If it's a large file, it might take a bit longer. You can close this window, and we'll email you the file when it's done.

You have reached a maximum limit of <strong>{limit}</strong> columns in the table. Remove at least <strong>1</strong> column to add or create another one.

Junxi Gao

Author Tools

Chat about Author

Papers

The effect of visual attention process and thinking styles on environmental aesthetic preference: An eye-tracking study