Spatial distribution and dynamics of cotton fine root under film-mulched drip irrigation

This study evaluated the effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi inoculation on the growth and photosynthetic performance of alfalfa under different phosphorus application levels. This experiment adopts two-factors completely random design, and sets four levels of fungi application: single inoculation with Funneliformis mosseae (Fm, T1), single inoculation with Glomus etunicatum (Ge, T2) and mixed inoculation with Funneliformis mosseae × Glomus etunicatum (Fm×Ge, T3) and treatment uninfected fungus (CK, T0). Four phosphorus application levels were set under the fungi application level: P2O5 0 (P0), 50 (P1), 100 (P2) and 150 (P3) mg·kg-1. There were 16 treatments for fungus phosphorus interaction. The strain was placed 5 cm below the surface of the flowerpot soil, and the phosphate fertilizer was dissolved in water and applied at one time. The results showed that the intercellular CO2 concentration (Ci) of alfalfa decreased at first and then increased with the increase of phosphorus application, except for light use efficiency (LUE) and leaf instantaneous water use efficiency (WUE), other indicators showed the opposite trend. The effect of mixed inoculation (T3) was significantly better than that of non-inoculation (T0) (p < 0.05). Pearson correlation analysis showed that Ci was significantly negatively correlated with alfalfa leaf transpiration rate (Tr) and WUE (p < 0.05), and was extremely significantly negatively correlated with other indicators (p < 0.01). The other indexes were positively correlated (p < 0.05). This may be mainly because the factors affecting plant photosynthesis are non-stomatal factors. Through the comprehensive analysis of membership function, the indexes of alfalfa under different treatments were comprehensively ranked, and the top three were: T3P2>T3P1>T1P2. Therefore, when the phosphorus treatment was 100 mg·kg-1, the mixed inoculation of Funneliformis mosseae and Glomus etunicatum had the best effect, which was conducive to improving the photosynthetic efficiency of alfalfa, increasing the dry matter yield, and improving the economic benefits of local alfalfa in Xinjiang. In future studies, the anatomical structure and photosynthetic performance of alfalfa leaves and stems should be combined to clarify the synergistic mechanism of the anatomical structure and photosynthetic performance of alfalfa.

Enhancing alfalfa photosynthetic performance through arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi inoculation across varied phosphorus application levels

Understanding the distribution of water and nitrate nitrogen in the soil profile is crucial for the reasonable operation of fertigation, and it is also fundamental for controlling and regulating nitrate nitrogen in the root zone, thereby meeting a crop’s requirements. The application rates of fertilizer and water directly influence this distribution of water and nitrate nitrogen. However, the effects in Aeolian sandy soil, a type of developing soil bordering deserts, remain ambiguous. In this study, field experiments for different drip fertigation treatments in Aeolian sandy soil were conducted to investigate the soil water distribution, as well as that of nitrate nitrogen. A completely randomized experimental design was implemented, encompassing three levels of irrigation amount: low (W1), medium (W2), and high (W3), and three levels of nitrogen application rate: low (F1), medium (F2), high (F3). After the completion of each irrigation treatment, soil samples were extracted at 10–20 cm intervals. The soil water and nitrate nitrogen contents in the profiles of these samples were measured. The experimental results revealed that increasing the nitrogen application rate facilitated the retention of greater amounts of water and nitrate nitrogen in the soil profile. However, with an increase in the nitrogen application rate, both soil water and nitrate nitrogen exhibited a radial tendency to move away from the drip emitter. Some moved upward and accumulated in surface soil near a ridge furrow, while some moved downward and remained in a deeper area approximately 30 cm horizontally from the emitter at depths of 40–60 cm. The uniformity of the water distribution decreased with increasing nitrogen application under low water conditions, with a reversal of this trend observed in medium and high water treatments. The effect of nitrogen application level on the uniformity of the nitrate nitrogen distribution was not significant. There was no significant correlation between the average soil water content and nitrate nitrogen content along the horizontal direction, however, a positive correlation existed in the vertical direction. In the whole profile, increasing the nitrogen application enhanced the correlation under low water conditions, but under medium and high water conditions, this trend was the opposite. This implies that, to avoid nitrate nitrogen leaching or limiting in a specific area, a moderate nitrogen application level is advisable. Under low water conditions, nitrogen application showed a positive effect on the nitrate nitrogen content, and a higher application is recommended. In cases of substantial water irrigation or rainy years, the nitrogen application rate should be decreased.

Effect of Different Nitrogen Levels on Water and Nitrate Distribution in Aeolian Sandy Soil under Drip Irrigation

太阳活动预测: 太阳黑子数和太阳综合磁图

Ridge tillage increased halophyte fine root production and turnover rates by altering soil properties in an abandoned farmland in northwest China

Water–phosphorus coupling enhances fine root turnover and dry matter yield of alfalfa under drip irrigation

Soil organic carbon (SOC) is the principal factor contributing to enhanced soil fertility and also functions as the major carbon sink within terrestrial ecosystems. Applying fertilizer is a crucial agricultural practice that enhances SOC and promotes crop yields. Nevertheless, the response of SOC, active organic carbon fraction and hay yield to nitrogen and phosphorus application is still unclear. The objective of this study was to investigate the impact of nitrogen-phosphorus interactions on SOC, active organic carbon fractions and hay yield in alfalfa fields. A two-factor randomized group design was employed in this study, with two nitrogen levels of 0 kg·ha-1 (N0) and 120 kg·ha-1 (N1) and four phosphorus levels of 0 kg·ha-1 (P0), 50 kg·ha-1 (P1), 100 kg·ha-1 (P2) and 150 kg·ha-1 (P3). The results showed that the nitrogen and phosphorus treatments increased SOC, easily oxidized organic carbon (EOC), dissolved organic carbon (DOC), particulate organic carbon (POC), microbial biomass carbon (MBC) and hay yield in alfalfa fields, and increased with the duration of fertilizer application, reaching a maximum under N1P2 or N1P3 treatments. The increases in SOC, EOC, DOC, POC, MBC content and hay yield in the 0–60 cm soil layer of the alfalfa field were 9.11%-21.85%, 1.07%-25.01%, 6.94%-22.03%, 10.36%-44.15%, 26.46%-62.61% and 5.51%-23.25% for the nitrogen and phosphorus treatments, respectively. The vertical distribution of SOC, EOC, DOC and POC contents under all nitrogen and phosphorus treatments was highest in the 0–20 cm soil layer and tended to decrease with increasing depth of the soil layer. The MBC content was highest in the 10–30 cm soil layer. DOC/SOC, MBC/SOC (excluding N0P1 treatment) and POC/SOC were all higher in the 0–40 cm soil layer of the alfalfa field compared to the N0P0 treatment, indicating that the nitrogen and phosphorus treatments effectively improved soil fertility, while EOC/SOC and DOC/SOC were both lower in the 40–60 cm soil layer than in the N0P0 treatment, indicating that the nitrogen and phosphorus treatments improved soil carbon sequestration potential. The soil layer between 0-30 cm exhibited the highest sensitivity index for MBC, whereas the soil layer between 30-60 cm had the highest sensitivity index for POC. This suggests that the indication for changes in SOC due to nitrogen and phosphorus treatment shifted from MBC to POC as the soil depth increased. Meanwhile, except the 20–30 cm layer of soil in the N0P1 treatment and the 20–50 cm layer in the N1P0 treatment, all fertilizers enhanced the soil Carbon management index (CMI) to varying degrees. Structural equation modeling shows that nitrogen and phosphorus indirectly affect SOC content by changing the content of the active organic carbon fraction, and that SOC is primarily impacted by POC and MBC. The comprehensive assessment indicated that the N1P2 treatment was the optimal fertilizer application pattern. In summary, the nitrogen and phosphorus treatments improved soil fertility in the 0–40 cm soil layer and soil carbon sequestration potential in the 40–60 cm soil layer of alfalfa fields. In agroecosystems, a recommended application rate of 120 kg·ha-1 for nitrogen and 100 kg·ha-1 for phosphorus is the most effective in increasing SOC content, soil carbon pool potential and alfalfa hay yield.

Optimizing nitrogen and phosphorus application to improve soil organic carbon and alfalfa hay yield in alfalfa fields

Co-Authors: Sarah E Gibson2, Jeffrey S Newmark3, Nicholas A. Featherstone1, Lisa Upton1, Nicholeen M Viall3, J Todd Hoeksema4, Frederic Auchere5, Aaron Birch6, Doug Braun7, Paul Charbonneau8, Robin Colannino9, Craig DeForest1, Mausumi Dikpati2, Cooper Downs10, Nicole Duncan11, Heather Alison Elliott1, Yuhong Fan2, Silvano Fineschi12, Laurent Gizon6, Sanjay Gosain13, Louise Harra14, Brad Hindman15, David Berghmans16, Susan T Lepri17, Jon Linker10, Mark B. Moldwin17, Andres Munoz-Jaramillo1, Dibyendu Nandy18, Yeimy Rivera19, Jesper Schou6, Justyna Sokol1, Barbara Thompson3, Marco Velli20, Thomas N. Woods14, Junwei Zhao4

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Water–phosphorus coupling enhances fine root turnover and dry matter yield of alfalfa under drip irrigation

Optimizing nitrogen and phosphorus application to improve soil organic carbon and alfalfa hay yield in alfalfa fields

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