Background Calciphylaxis is a grievous life-threatening vascular disease that commonly affects dialysis population. This is the first epidemiological survey of calciphylaxis initiated in China. Methods In the cross-sectional survey, a stratified sampling method was used to select 24 dialysis centers in Jiangsu Province. The participants were all adult patients in each center who had been on hemodialysis for more than 6 months. Calciphylaxis patients were uniformly diagnosed based on characteristic skin lesions and histopathological features. Results A total of 3,867 hemodialysis patients (average age of 55.33 ± 13.89 years; 61.81% of males) were included. Forty eight cases were diagnosed with calciphylaxis, and prevalence was 1.24%. Among calciphylaxis patients, 33 cases were male, and the average age and median dialysis duration were 53.85 ± 15.17 years and 84.00 (48.00, 138.75) months, respectively. Skin biopsy was performed in 70.83% of calciphylaxis patients, and positive rate was 64.71%. Meanwhile, the positive rate of bone scintigraphy in the diagnosis of calciphylaxis was 62.5%. The prevalence of hyperparathyroidism in case group was as high as 72.92% with longer duration, and 42.86% had undergone parathyroidectomy. Multivariate analysis indicated that increased BMI, prolonged dialysis duration, warfarin therapy, hyperparathyroidism, diabetes, tumors, low serum albumin and high serum alkaline phosphatase levels were high-risk factors for calciphylaxis. Conclusions The prevalence of calciphylaxis in Chinese hemodialysis patients was 1.24% according to regional epidemiological survey, but its actual prevalence would be presumably far beyond present data. It's urgent to improve clinical understanding of calciphylaxis, and multifaceted diagnostic methods should be applied for early screening.

/pdf/prevalence-and-clinical-characteristics-of-calciphylaxis-in-34wvqfn7.pdf

Prevalence and Clinical Characteristics of Calciphylaxis in Chinese Hemodialysis Patients

Economic spatial polarization is a manifestation of unbalanced urban development. To study the unbalanced development of Chinese cities, this paper selects 41 cities in the Yangtze River Delta (YRD) region, introduces the polarization index and exploratory spatio-temporal analysis to portray their spatio-temporal evolution process, and analyzes the differences in spatial polarization patterns of economic development in three dimensions of economic quantity, quality, and structure. Finally, we use the geographic detector model to explore the driving factors and then propose corresponding policy recommendations. The results show that: (1) the degree of difference in economic development in the YRD region narrowed from 2000 to 2019, and the spatial polarization level of urban economic development showed a fluctuating downward trend, among which the spatial polarization level of the economic structure dimension has been increasing. (2) In terms of spatial distribution, the “Yangtze River Delta urban agglomeration” has economic spatial polarization in the YRD region has become the peak contiguous zone, and the spatial polarization of economic quantity and quality dimensions has formed a “polycentric” pattern, while the spatial polarization of economic structure dimensions shows a stable “one core, multiple sub-center” distribution. (3) From the evolution of spatial polarization, most cities have strong spatial locking characteristics without a transition. Spatially positive polarized are concentrated in the YRD urban agglomeration, and the inter-city neighboring relations are mainly positive synergistic growth, while the negatively polarized cities are mostly distributed in the peripheral areas of the YRD and the neighboring relations are negative synergistic growth. At the same time, the spatially positive polarization effect of the economic quantity dimension and the spatially negative polarization effect of the economic structure dimension among cities are more significant. (4) The economic spatial polarization in the YRD region is mainly dominated by market prosperity and urbanization level, while the driving effect of scientific and technological innovation development on the urban economy has also been expanding in recent years. Promoting the reasonable allocation of marketization, urbanization, and technology among cities with positive and negative spatial polarization in the future will contribute to balanced urban and regional economic development in a coordinated and orderly manner.

/pdf/spatial-and-temporal-evolutionary-characteristics-and-its-2hlsn8w9.pdf

Spatial and Temporal Evolutionary Characteristics and Its Influencing Factors of Economic Spatial Polarization in the Yangtze River Delta Region

/pdf/spatial-inequality-of-innovation-development-in-russia-10zu5e2dv8.pdf

Spatial inequality of innovation development in Russia

The aim of the study is to assess the polarity and polarization of the economic development of territories by homogeneous groups. The object of the study is the economic space of the Republic of Bashkortostan. The subject of the research is the essence of polarity, polarization and leveling in the socio-economic development of territorial entities. The research methods are comparative, logical, statistical analysis, the analysis of structure and dynamics, graphical interpretation of the results. The author proposes an original method for assessing the polarity and polarization of the spatial development of the region. The method was tested on the example of municipalities of the Republic of Bashkortostan. The paper presents a graphical model of polarization and leveling of polarization by typological homogeneous groups of municipalities. Homogeneous groups are characterized by the presence of a significant relationship between indicators of macroeconomic dynamics, the content of internal structural interactions and dynamic changes in spatial structure. According to the types of polarization the author presents strategies for advancing and catching up development, strategies for equalizing with stagnation, the formation of a gap. The article shows optimal leveling limits. The author draws a conclusion, that among municipal districts of the same typological group, gaps are formed and further polarization occurs. The paper detects that, despite the difference between homogeneous groups of municipalities on the socio-economic level, the processes of polarization are similar for each indicator. The study concludes about a unified system of management policy in the region for all municipalities.

/pdf/poliarizatsiia-odnorodnykh-grupp-territorialnykh-obrazovanii-3bmjf350i4.pdf

Поляризация однородных групп территориальных образований

There are three urban groups in Northeast China and they are the central-southern urban groups of Liaoning,the central urban groups of Jilin and the Harbin-Daqing-Qiqihar urban groups.Firstly,the economic state of three urban groups and their economic positions in Northeast China are analyzed.Secondly,the economic development inequality and polarization among three urban groups are quantitatively analyzed by Gini coefficient and KZ index based on GDP per capita.At the same time,the inequality and polarization between three urban groups and other cities in Northeast China are analyzed.The polarization development of three urban groups is divided into three phases:1990-1995,1996-1999,2000-2007.Thirdly,on the whole the three urban groups in Northeast China compared to the three urban groups in China: the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei,the Yangtze River Delta,the Pearl River Delta.It is concluded that the development polarization of three urban groups in Northeast China is prominent only in Northeast China,but their development polarization isn’t distinct when they are relative to the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei,the Yangtze River Delta,the Pearl River Delta in China.The economic positions of three urban groups in Northeast China are lower than them in China.In the end,the driving forces of development polarization of three urban groups in Northeast China are analyzed.

Polarization development of three urban groups in northeast china since 1990

Economic polarization is a special manifestation of economic disparity which intensifies the gap between the rich and the poor in a region and brings about a series of social problems. Though more and more scholars are studying the phenomenon of economic polarization, there are few studies on polarization level division and early warning analysis in the existing literature. The main purpose of this paper is to propose a standard for rationally dividing the level of economic polarization. This paper firstly analyzes the current situation of economic polarization by using the economic data of 54 counties and cities in Jiangsu Province from 2000 to 2016 and secondly predicts the economic polarization level of Jiangsu Province from 2017 to 2015 through the grey model. We find that, according to the classification criteria of polarization levels, the phenomenon of economic polarization in Jiangsu Province is both not as serious as expected and at a moderate level of alertness. The results of this study can provide important reference value for the coordinated development of Jiangsu Province.

https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/11/5/1339/pdf

Temporal and Spatial Characteristics and Early Warning Analysis of Economic Polarization Evolution: A Case Study of Jiangsu Province in China

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Temporal and Spatial Characteristics and Early Warning Analysis of Economic Polarization Evolution: A Case Study of Jiangsu Province in China