2.1.6. Tacticity and Sequence: Advanced Control 4967 2.2. Transition Metal Catalysts 4967 2.2.1. Overviews of Catalysts 4967 2.2.2. Ruthenium 4967 2.2.3. Copper 4971 2.2.4. Iron 4971 2.2.5. Nickel 4975 2.2.6. Molybdenum 4975 2.2.7. Manganese 4976 2.2.8. Osmium 4976 2.2.9. Cobalt 4976 2.2.10. Other Metals 4976 2.3. Cocatalysts (Additives) 4977 2.3.1. Overview of Cocatalysts 4977 2.3.2. Reducing Agents 4977 2.3.3. Free Radical Initiators 4977 2.3.4. Metal Alkoxides 4977 2.3.5. Amines 4978 2.3.6. Halogen Source 4978 2.4. Initiators 4978 2.4.1. Overview of Initiators: Scope and Design 4978 2.4.2. Alkyl Halides 4978 2.4.3. Arenesulfonyl Halides 4979 2.4.4. N-Chloro Compounds 4979 2.4.5. Halogen-Free Initiators 4979 2.5. Solvents 4980 2.5.1. Overview of Solvents 4980 2.5.2. Catalyst Solubility and Coordination of Solvent 4981 2.5.3. Environmentally Friendly Solvents 4981 2.5.4. Water 4981 2.5.5. Catalytic Solvents: Catalyst Disproportionation 4981

Transition metal-catalyzed living radical polymerization : toward perfection in catalysis and precision polymer synthesis

Transition metal catalysts for controlled radical polymerization

Iron-mediated reversible deactivation controlled radical polymerization

AGET ATRP of methyl methacrylate catalyzed by FeCl3/iminodiacetic acid in the presence of air

Iron-catalyzed atom transfer radical polymerization

Reverse ATRP of acrylonitrile with diethyl 2,3-dicyano-2,3-diphenyl succinate/FeCl3/iminodiacetic acid

FeCl3 coordinated by iminodiacetic acid (IMA) was Changed used for the first time as the catalyst in azobisisobutyronitrile-initiated reverse atom-transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) of acrylonitrile (AN). An FeCl3 to IMA ratio of 1:2 not only gave the best control of molecular weight and its distribution but also provided a rather rapid reaction rate. The effects of solvents on the polymerization of AN were also investigated. The rate of the polymerization in N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF) was faster than in propylene carbonate or toluene. The molecular weight of polyacrylonitrile agreed reasonably well with the theoretical molecular weight in DMF. The rate of polymerization increased with increasing polymerization temperature and the apparent activation energy was calculated to be 54.8 kJ mol−1. The reverse ATRP of AN did not show obvious living characteristics with CuCl2 instead of FeCl3. Copyright © 2005 Society of Chemical Industry

Reverse atom-transfer radical polymerization of acrylonitrile catalyzed by FeCl3/iminodiacetic acid

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Reverse ATRP of acrylonitrile with diethyl 2,3-dicyano-2,3-diphenyl succinate/FeCl3/iminodiacetic acid

Reverse atom-transfer radical polymerization of acrylonitrile catalyzed by FeCl3/iminodiacetic acid