Metal halide perovskites represent a flourishing area of research, which is driven by both their potential application in photovoltaics and optoelectronics and by the fundamental science behind their unique optoelectronic properties. The emergence of new colloidal methods for the synthesis of halide perovskite nanocrystals, as well as the interesting characteristics of this new type of material, has attracted the attention of many researchers. This review aims to provide an up-to-date survey of this fast-moving field and will mainly focus on the different colloidal synthesis approaches that have been developed. We will examine the chemistry and the capability of different colloidal synthetic routes with regard to controlling the shape, size, and optical properties of the resulting nanocrystals. We will also provide an up-to-date overview of their postsynthesis transformations, and summarize the various solution processes that are aimed at fabricating halide perovskite-based nanocomposites. Furthermore, we...

Metal Halide Perovskite Nanocrystals: Synthesis, Post-Synthesis Modifications, and Their Optical Properties.

Metal halide perovskites represent a flourishing area of research, driven by both their potential application in photo-voltaics and optoelectronics, and for the fundamental science underpinning their unique optoelectronic properties. The advent of colloidal methods for the synthesis of halide perovskite nanocrystals has brought to the attention inter-esting aspects of this new type of materials, above all their defect-tolerance. This review aims to provide an updated survey of this fast-moving field, with a main focus on their colloidal synthesis. We examine the chemistry and the ca-pability of different colloidal synthetic routes to control the shape, size and optical properties of the resulting nano-crystals. We also provide an up to date overview of their post-synthesis transformations, and summarize the various so-lution processes aimed at fabricating halide perovskite-based nanocomposites. We then review the fundamental optical properties of halide perovskite nanocrystals, by focusing on their linear optical properties, on the effects of quantum confinement and, then, on the current knowledge of their exciton binding energies. We also discuss the emergence of non-linear phenomena such as multiphoton absorption, biexcitons and carrier multiplication. At last, we provide an outlook in the field, with the most cogent open questions and possible future directions.

Metal Halide Perovskite Nanocrystals: Synthesis, Post-Synthesis Modifications and Their Optical Properties

Organic-inorganic metal halide hybrids are an important class of crystalline materials with exceptional structural and property tunability. Recently metal halide perovskites with ABX3 structure have been extensively investigated as new generation semiconductors for various optoelectronic devices, including photovoltaic cells, light emitting diodes, photodetectors, and lasers, for their exceptional optical and electronic properties. By controlling the morphological dimensionality, low dimensional metal halide perovskites, including 2D perovskite nanoplatelets, 1D perovskite nanowires, and 0D perovskite quantum dots, have been developed to exhibit distinct properties from their bulk counterparts, due to quantum size effects. Besides ABX3 perovskites, organic-inorganic metal halide hybrids, containing the same fundamental building block of metal halide octahedra (BX6), can also be assembled to possess other types of crystallographic structures. Using appropriate organic and inorganic components, low dimensional organic-inorganic metal halide hybrids with 2D, quasi-2D, corrugated-2D, 1D, and 0D structures at the molecular level have been developed and studied. Due to the strong quantum confinement and site isolation, these low dimensional metal halide hybrids at the molecular level exhibit remarkable and unique properties that are significantly different from those of ABX3 perovskites. In light of the rapid development of low dimensional metal halide perovskites and hybrids, it is indeed timely to review the recent progress in these areas. Also, there is a need to clarify the difference between morphological low dimensional metal halide perovskites and molecular level low dimensional metal halide hybrids, as currently the terminologies of low dimensional perovskites are not appropriately used in many cases. In this review article, we discuss the synthesis, characterization, application, and computational studies of low dimensional metal halide perovskites and hybrids.

Low dimensional metal halide perovskites and hybrids

As star material, perovskites have been widely used in the fields of optics, photovoltaics, electronics, magnetics, catalysis, sensing, etc. However, some inherent shortcomings, such as low efficiency (power conversion efficiency, external quantum efficiency, etc.) and poor stability (against water, oxygen, ultraviolet light, etc.), limit their practical applications. Downsizing the materials into nanostructures and incorporating rare earth (RE) ions are effective means to improve their properties and broaden their applications. This review will systematically summarize the key points in the design, synthesis, property improvements and application expansion of RE-containing (including both RE-based and RE-doped) halide and oxide perovskite nanomaterials (PNMs). The critical factors of incorporating RE elements into different perovskite structures and the rational design of functional materials will be discussed in detail. The advantages and disadvantages of different synthesis methods for PNMs will be reviewed. This paper will also summarize some practical experiences in selecting suitable RE elements and designing multi-functional materials according to the mechanisms and principles of REs promoting the properties of perovskites. At the end of this review, we will provide an outlook on the opportunities and challenges of RE-containing PNMs in various fields.

Rare-earth-containing perovskite nanomaterials: design, synthesis, properties and applications

The development of phosphor materials with outstanding photoluminescence properties is critical for next-generation high-quality solid-state white lighting. As there is a blue-green cavity existing in the emission spectra of the traditional phosphor-converted white-light-emitting diodes (w-LEDs), the cyan-emitting phosphor serves as an important function in compensating the spectral gap to realize “full-visible-spectrum lighting”. Herein, we reported the discovery of an efficient cyan-emitting Ce3+-doped Ca2YHf2Al3O12 (CYHAO) garnet phosphor with good thermal stability. The as-prepared CYHAO:xCe3+ phosphor exhibited a broad excitation band in the range of 360 to 460 nm with a maximum at 408 nm, making this phosphor compatible with an efficient 400 nm near-ultraviolet (NUV)-emitting LED chip. Under 408 nm excitation, the optimal sample of CYHAO:0.03Ce3+ exhibited bright broadband cyan emission (λem = 493 nm; bandwidth = 100 nm) together with an extra-high internal quantum efficiency (IQE) of 89.5% and external quantum efficiency (EQE) of 69.1%. Notably, the as-prepared CYHAO:0.03Ce3+ phosphor showed good thermal stability (64.2% of emission intensity retained at 423 K) and excellent color stability when working in the temperature range of 303–463 K. Importantly, the constructed w-LED device exhibited bright well-distributed warm white light with a high color rendering index (CRI; Ra = 93.5 and R12 = 90.4) and low correlated color temperature (3700 K) under 60 mA driven current, indicating that the title cyan phosphor can be utilized for the compensation of the blue-green cavity to be applied in full-visible-spectrum lighting. Furthermore, these findings provide new insights into exploring high-performance cyan phosphors for NUV-pumped high-CRI warm w-LEDs.

Full-visible-spectrum lighting enabled by an excellent cyan-emitting garnet phosphor

In this work, low-melting (700 °C) phosphosilicate glasses embedded with CsPbX3 (X = Br, I) perovskite quantum dots (QDs) were fabricated via a glass crystallization strategy. The as-prepared CsPbBr3 QDs@glass nanocomposites exhibited typical green luminescence assigned to exciton recombination radiation and outstanding thermal stability due to the protection of the robust inorganic glass host. Multi-color tunable emissions in the spectral range of 500–750 nm were achieved by modifying the molar ratio of halide sources in the glass. As a proof-of-concept experiment, a light-emitting diode device was constructed by coupling the green-emitting CsPbBr3 QDs@glass and red-emitting CsPbBr2I QDs@glass with a commercial InGaN blue chip, yielding a bright white light emission with excellent optoelectronic performance. It is expected that the investigated CsPbX3 QDs@glass nanocomposites may find promising application as color converters in solid-state-lighting.

CsPbX3 (X = Br, I) perovskite quantum dot embedded low-melting phosphosilicate glasses: controllable crystallization, thermal stability and tunable emissions

All inorganic CsPbX3 (X = Cl, Br, I) perovskite quantum dots have attracted extreme attention due to their excellent optical performance. Unfortunately, heavy usage of the toxic Pb element is still a serious problem that needs to be solved. In the present work, Mn-doped CsPbCl3 nanocrystals are successfully prepared via a facile solvothermal reaction for the first time. A high Cs-to-Pb feeding ratio is necessary to achieve pure cubic perovskite phase and the incorporation of Mn dopants into the CsPbCl3 host is highly related to the Mn-to-Pb feeding ratio. Importantly, it is demonstrated that Mn-doped CsPbCl3 NCs synthesized by the solvothermal method have better stability than those prepared by traditional hot injection. To finely adjust the bandgap of CsPbCl3 NCs, Cl-to-Br anion exchange is used to fabricate Mn-doped CsPb(Cl/Br)3 NCs with tunable multi-color luminescence. Finally, the as-prepared Mn-doped CsPb(Cl/Br)3 products are demonstrated to be applicable as color converters for constructing white light-emitting diodes and optical thermometric medium for accurate temperature sensing.

Mn-Doped CsPbCl3 perovskite nanocrystals: solvothermal synthesis, dual-color luminescence and improved stability

Novel cyan‐emitting KBaScSi2O7:Eu2+ phosphors with ultrahigh quantum efficiency and excellent thermal stability for WLEDs

The invention discloses a preparation process of perovskite quantum dots with a grinding method. Based on ion diffusion in a macroscopic state, grains are gradually decreased through grinding (or diffusion and grain decrease are performed simultaneously) after perovskite crystals are formed through ion diffusion. Due to the fact that the ionicity of raw materials and products are higher, ion diffusion is very easy to perform and is a from-top-to-bottom synthesis mode. The luminescent central wavelength of the colorful luminescent quantum dots prepared by adopting the process are adjustable inthe range from 400 nm to 750 nm, and the quantum dots can be developed and applied to a display technology and especially can be used for actual application in backlight sources in televisions.

Preparation process of perovskite quantum dots with grinding method

The invention discloses a solvothermal preparation method of Mn-doped Cs-Pb halogen perovskite quantum dots The method comprises steps as follows: firstly, Cs2CO3, oleic acid and octadecene are mixedin a flask A and are stirred and heated, a mixture I is heated to a temperature interval of 100-140 DEG C and subjected to a reaction for 15 min-60 min until a clear solution I is obtained, then theclear solution I is cooled to the room temperature, and the whole process is under nitrogen protection; secondly, PbCl2, MnCl2, oleic acid, oleylamine and octadecene are mixed in a flask B and are stirred and heated, a mixture II is heated to a temperature interval of 140-170 DEG C and subjected to a reaction for 15 min-60 min until a clear solution II is obtained, then the clear solution II is cooled to the room temperature, and the whole process is under nitrogen protection; finally, the solutions in the flask A and the flask B are mixed in a reaction kettle, a mixed solution is put in a drying oven at 200 DEG C and subjected to a reaction for 50 min, a product is taken out of the reaction kettle after the reaction, is placed in cold water and is cooled to the room temperature, and the Mn-doped Cs-Pb halogen perovskite quantum dots are obtained The synthesized quantum dots have the advantages of high fluorescence efficiency, double-color emission and high Mn doping ratio, and the synthesis method is simple and efficient

Solvothermal preparation method of Mn-doped Cs-Pb halogen perovskite quantum dots

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