Two-photon excitation provides a means of activating chemical or physical processes with high spatial resolution in three dimensions and has made possible the development of three-dimensional fluorescence imaging, optical data storage, and lithographic microfabrication. These applications take advantage of the fact that the two-photon absorption probability depends quadratically on intensity, so under tight-focusing conditions, the absorption is confined at the focus to a volume of order λ3 (where λ is the laser wavelength). Any subsequent process, such as fluorescence or a photoinduced chemical reaction, is also localized in this small volume. Although three-dimensional data storage and microfabrication have been illustrated using two-photon-initiated polymerization of resins incorporating conventional ultraviolet-absorbing initiators, such photopolymer systems exhibit low photosensitivity as the initiators have small two-photon absorption cross-sections (δ). Consequently, this approach requires high laser power, and its widespread use remains impractical. Here we report on a class of π;-conjugated compounds that exhibit large δ (as high as 1, 250 × 10−50 cm4 s per photon) and enhanced two-photon sensitivity relative to ultraviolet initiators. Two-photon excitable resins based on these new initiators have been developed and used to demonstrate a scheme for three-dimensional data storage which permits fluorescent and refractive read-out, and the fabrication of three-dimensional micro-optical and micromechanical structures, including photonic-bandgap-type structures.

Two-photon polymerization initiators for three-dimensional optical data storage and microfabrication

Conducting polymers (CPs) have been widely studied to realize advanced technologies in various areas such as chemical and biosensors, catalysts, photovoltaic cells, batteries, supercapacitors, and others. In particular, hybridization of CPs with inorganic species has allowed the production of promising functional materials with improved performance in various applications. Consequently, many important studies on CPs have been carried out over the last decade, and numerous researchers remain attracted to CPs from a technological perspective. In this review, we provide a theoretical classification of fabrication techniques and a brief summary of the most recent developments in synthesis methods. We evaluate the efficacy and benefits of these methods for the preparation of pure CP nanomaterials and nanohybrids, presenting the newest trends from around the world with 205 references, most of which are from the last three years. Furthermore, we also evaluate the effects of various factors on the structures and properties of CP nanomaterials, citing a large variety of publications.

https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4360/8/4/118/pdf

Recent Advances in Nanostructured Conducting Polymers: from Synthesis to Practical Applications.

The advent of soft robotics has led to great advancements in robots, wearables, and even manufacturing processes by employing entirely soft-bodied systems that interact safely with any random surfaces while providing great mechanical compliance. Moreover, recent developments in soft robotics involve advances in transparent soft actuators and sensors that have made it possible to construct robots that can function in a visually and mechanically unobstructed manner, assisting the operations of robots and creating more applications in various fields. In this aspect, imperceptible soft robotics that mainly consist of optically transparent imperceptible hardware components is expected to constitute a new research focus in the forthcoming era of soft robotics. Here, the recent progress regarding extended imperceptible soft robotics is provided, including imperceptible transparent soft robotics (transparent soft actuators/sensors) and imperceptible nontransparent camouflage skins. Their principles, materials selections, and working mechanisms are discussed so that key challenges and perspectives in imperceptible soft robotic systems can be explored.

Transparent Soft Actuators/Sensors and Camouflage Skins for Imperceptible Soft Robotics.

Synthesis and factor affecting on the conductivity of polypyrrole: a short review

Conducting polymers (CPs) have been gathering a great interest in academia and industry by providing the opportunity of combining the electrical properties of a semiconductor and metals with the traditional advantages of conventional polymers such as easy and low cost preparation and fabrication. In this review we examined the conducting polymers-based composites for supercapacitor and batteries, such as conducting polymer-based binary, ternary, and quaternary composites. For their applications in energy storage field, we critically review the development of their applications and the general design rules for energy storage devices including supercapacitors, lithium and other -ions batteries, and their current limitations and future potential to advance energy storage technologies. It is expected that this review will help to improve the knowledge about this conducting polymer and consequently lead to new research fields.

http://www.jchemrev.com/article_77435_81cc25afb1dab7720b143850bf864697.pdf

A Review on Conducting Polymers-Based Composites for Energy Storage Application

An aqueous solution, acting as a photoinduced electron-transfer system, was prepared using tris(2,2′-bipyridyl)ruthenium complex, methylviologen, and pyrrole to demonstrate the multiphoton-sensitiz...

Multiphoton-sensitized Polymerization of Pyrrole

Three-dimensional photochemical microfabrication of poly(3,4-ethylene- dioxythiophene) in transparent polymer sheet

By focused illumination at the wavelength of 800 nm using a femtosecond laser, the tris(2,2′-bipyridyl)ruthenium complex displayed a two-photon excitation as observed by the quadratic dependence of the emission intensity on the incident laser power. Since the oxidation of pyrrole is induced by the oxidative quenching of the excited state, polypyrrole can be formed by a continuous illumination. The polymerization area showed a high spatial selectivity which can be scanned in the XYZ axis by a piezo device. In the present study, three-dimensional (3D) polypyrrole microstructures were formed in the transparent polymer sheet.

Three-dimensional photochemical microfabrication of conductive polymers in transparent polymer sheet

Three-dimensional (3D) polypyrrole microstructures were successfully obtained in a transparent polymer sheet by 3D scanning of the laser focal point. The lateral process resolution of the microstructures was studied under different photofabrication conditions such as the repetition rate of the femtosecond pulse laser and the waiting time of the laser focal point scanning. As a result, a very small line width of the polypyrrole deposition of less than 500 nm was realized with good reproducibility.

Three-dimensional printing of conducting polymer microstructures into transparent polymer sheet: Relationship between process resolution and illumination conditions

Conductive polymer three-dimensional microstructures were photofabricated utilizing the two-photon absorption of a sensitizer dye. The resulting three-dimensional structures were excised from the transparent polymer sheet using a micro-manipulator. The processing precisions for the vertical direction of the conductive polymer three-dimensional microstructure obtained in the transparent polymer sheet were evaluated in the present study. As a result, for the configurations of the obtained polypyrrole line deposition, the line height/line width ratios were around 5: 1; this ratio is higher than that of other UV resin works (h: w 2:4–3: 1) and the cross section distortion is not negligible for maintaining the higher reproducibility of the photofabrication.

Evaluations of vertical resolution of conductive polymer three-dimensional microstructures photofabricated in transparent polymer sheet

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