> Abstract A review of the literature concerning the phylogenetics of the Vespidae is presented. We also present a new phylogenetic analysis of the Vespidae based on what is by far the largest taxon sample to include molecular data, and the largest phenotypic character dataset ever compiled. Relationships among the subfamilies are Euparagiinae + (Masarinae + (Eumeninae + (Stenogastrinae + (Polistinae + Vespinae)))), with all the subfamilies monophyletic. A single origin of eusociality is thus supported. Our results empirically supersede all previous treatments and should be the preferred scaffold of the family for studies of social behavior.

Simultaneous Analysis and the Origin of Eusociality in the Vespidae (Insecta: Hymenoptera)

A new species of hover wasp, Eustenogaster nigra Saito and Nguyen, is described based on females and males collected mainly in northern Viet Nam. The wasp is also distributed in mountainous areas of central Viet Nam and the southern part of China. All distribution records are from areas with more-or-less distinct seasons in terms of temperature. The nest is described and compared with those of other Eustenogaster species. A nest collected during early spring in Tam Dao National Park in northern Viet Nam, where there is a more-or-less distinct ‘‘winter’’, had five males and six virgin females, suggesting that both sexes overwinter on their nest.

A New Eustenogater Species (Hymenoptera: Vespidae; Stenogastrinae), the First Hover Wasp Known to Overwinter on the Nest

Eustenogaster nigra in the northern part of Vietnam has a synchronized, bivoltine colony cycle with winter dormancy. The males go through the winter dormancy in an envelope nest together with virgin females, and mating takes place after they emerge from the winter dormancy. The individuals overwintering in a given nest are often non-sibs. Females, including those emerging from the winter dormancy, start their colony singly. These suggest that winter nests function simply as hibernacula. The solitary life in E. nigra in northern Vietnam is discussed in comparison with that of E. scitula in central Vietnam where the mating usually takes place before entering the winter dormancy and only females overwinter.

Colony cycle of a “temperate” hover wasp, Eustenogaster nigra, with special reference to overwintering of males in an enveloped nest together with virgin females (Hymenoptera, Vespidae, Stenogastrinae)

The social biology of the wasp Parischnogaster striatula has been studied in Peninsular Malaysia. This species shows the main characteristics of hover wasps (Vespidae, Stenogastrinae) which set them aside from the other social Vespidae. These include the use of an abdominal secretion in brood rearing, the three-phase egg deposition and the presence of only four larval instars. Colonies are invariably small sized and on average 1.92 females on the nests present developed ovaries. Colony life revolves around a dominant female, which has developed ovaries and spends most of her time on the nest. Since visual cues were recently found in two different species of Liostenogaster (Stenogastrinae), we also looked for a possible badge of status in these wasps but with negative results.

/pdf/social-biology-of-parischnogaster-striatula-hymenoptera-16pi9f0tju.pdf

Social biology of Parischnogaster striatula (Hymenoptera: Stenogastrinae)

The biological, social behavior, immature brood, and nest architecture characteristics of the new species, Liostenogaster leonardi S. Turillazzi & F. Turillazzi n. sp., have been studied in a population of colonies in a gazebo of a mountain locality of Peninsular Malaysia. This species shares the main biological features of other species belonging to the genus Liostenogaster and builds nests exclusively using mud material. Its colonies are composed of a limited number of individuals but in some cases, a large number of males can be found on the same nests. More than one fertilized female is present in the same colony.http://zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:49487A42-88B7-470F-8758-846F89387114

Social biology of Liostenogaster leonardi n. sp. (Hymenoptera, Vespidae, Stenogastrinae)

Immatures of Hover Wasps (Hymenoptera, Vespidae, Stenogastrinae)

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Immatures of Hover Wasps (Hymenoptera, Vespidae, Stenogastrinae)