Fogging occurs when moisture condensation takes the form of accumulated droplets with diameters larger than 190 nm or half of the shortest wavelength (380 nm) of visible light. This problem may be effectively addressed by changing the affinity of a material’s surface for water, which can be accomplished via two approaches: i) the superhydrophilic approach, with a water contact angle (CA) less than 5°, and ii) the superhydrophobic approach, with a water CA greater than 150°, and extremely low CA hysteresis. To date, all techniques reported belong to the former category, as they are intended for applications in optical transparent coatings. A well-known example is the use of photocatalytic TiO2 nanoparticle coatings that become superhydrophilic under UV irradiation. Very recently, a capillary effect was skillfully adopted to achieve superhydrophilic properties by constructing 3D nanoporous structures from layer-by-layer assembled nanoparticles. The key to these two “wet”-style antifogging strategies is for micrometer-sized fog drops to rapidly spread into a uniform thin film, which can prevent light scattering and reflection from nucleated droplets. Optical transparency is not an intrinsic property of antifogging coatings even though recently developed antifogging coatings are almost transparent, and the transparency could be achieved by further tuning the nanoparticle size and film thickness. To our knowledge, the antifogging coatings may also be applied to many fields that do not require optical transparency, including, for example, paints for inhibiting swelling and peeling issues and metal surfaces for preventing corrosion. These types of issues, which are caused by adsorption of moisture, are hard to solve by the superhydrophilic approach because of its inherently “wet” nature. Thus, a “dry”-style antifogging strategy, which consists of a novel superhydrophobic technique that can prevent moisture or microscale fog drops from nucleating on a surface, is desired. Recent bionic researches have revealed that the self-cleaning ability of lotus leaves and the striking ability of a water-strider’s legs to walk on water can be attributed to the ideal superhydrophobicity of their surfaces, induced by special microand nanostructures. To date, the biomimetic fabrication of superhydrophobic microand/or nanostructures has attracted considerable interest, and these types of materials can be used for such applications as self-cleaning coatings and stain-resistant textiles. Although a superhydrophobic technique inspired by lotus leaves is expected to be able to solve such fogging problems because the water droplets can not remain on the surface, there are no reports of such antifogging coatings. Very recently, researchers from General Motors have reported that the surfaces of lotus leaves become wet with moisture because the size of the fog drops are at the microscale—so small that they can be easily trapped in the interspaces among micropapillae. Thus, lotuslike surface microstructures are unsuitable for superhydrophobic antifogging coatings, and a new inspiration from nature is desired for solving this problem. In this communication, we report a novel, biological, superhydrophobic antifogging strategy. It was found that the compound eyes of the mosquito C. pipiens possess ideal superhydrophobic properties that provide an effective protective mechanism for maintaining clear vision in a humid habitat. Our research indicates that this unique property is attributed to the smart design of elaborate microand nanostructures: hexagonally non-close-packed (ncp) nipples at the nanoscale prevent microscale fog drops from condensing on the ommatidia surface, and hexagonally close-packed (hcp) ommatidia at the microscale could efficiently prevent fog drops from being trapped in the voids between the ommatidia. We also fabricated artificial compound eyes by using soft lithography and investigated the effects of microand nanostructures on the surface hydrophobicity. These findings could be used to develop novel superhydrophobic antifogging coatings in the near future. It is known that mosquitoes possess excellent vision, which they exploit to locate various resources such as mates, hosts, and resting sites in a watery and dim habitat. To better understand such remarkable abilities, we first investigated the interaction between moisture and the eye surface. An ultrasonic humidifier was used to regulate the relative humidity of the atmosphere and mimic a mist composed of numerous tiny water droplets with diameters less than 10 lm. As the fog was C O M M U N IC A IO N

The dry-style antifogging properties of mosquito compound eyes and artificial analogues prepared by soft lithography: a superhydrophobic state with high adhesive force

Supercapacitors, also known as electrochemical capacitors, have attracted more and more attention in recent decades due to their advantages of higher power density and long cycle life. For the real application of supercapacitors, there is no doubt that cyclic stability is the most important aspect. As the core component, electrode materials determine the cyclic stability of supercapacitors, although the other components like electrolyte and separator are also important. In this review, we sum up the cyclic stability of supercapacitors according to type of electrode material and its energy storage mechanism, discuss the strategies to boost the stability of those electrode materials, and indicate several key significant considerations in measurement of cyclic stability. The purpose is to obtain safe, long-lasting, and high-performance supercapacitor devices.

Cyclic stability of supercapacitors: materials, energy storage mechanism, test methods, and device

The fast consumption of fossil energy accompanied by the ever-worsening environment urge the development of a clean and novel energy storage system. As one of the most promising candidates, the supercapacitor owns unique advantages, and numerous electrodes materials have been exploited. Hence, biomass-derived porous carbon materials (BDPCs), at low cost, abundant and sustainable, with adjustable dimension, superb electrical conductivity, satisfactory specific surface area (SSA) and superior electrochemical stability have been attracting intense attention and highly trusted to be a capable candidate for supercapacitors. This review will highlight the recent lab-scale methods for preparing BDPCs, and analyze their effects on BDPCs' microstructure, electrical conductivity, chemical composition and electrochemical properties. Future research trends in this field also will be provided.

/pdf/biomass-derived-porous-carbon-materials-for-supercapacitor-4pg0remp9m.pdf

Biomass-Derived Porous Carbon Materials for Supercapacitor

Perspective on High-Energy Carbon-Based Supercapacitors

The Applications of Water-in-Salt Electrolytes in Electrochemical Energy Storage Devices

High-Performance and Ultra-Stable Aqueous Supercapacitors Based on a Green and Low-Cost Water-In-Salt Electrolyte

Hierarchically Porous Carbon as a High-Rate and Long-Life Electrode Material for High-Performance Supercapacitors

Tribological behaviors of polyurethane composites containing self‐lubricating microcapsules and reinforced by short carbon fibers

Phosphorus‐containing Salen‐Ni metal complexes enhancing the flame retardancy and smoke suppression of epoxy resin composites

The invention relates to an aqueous alkyd acrylic resin paint and a preparation method thereof. According to the invention, high-molecular alkyd resin with main chain containing unsaturated double bond is synthesized through molecular design. Alkyd resin is subjected to free radical graft copolymerization with acrylic monomer. A reaction system is neutralized by using an amine compound, such that water-reducible alkyd acrylic resin is synthesized. Molecular chains of alkyd and acrylic resins are connected through chemical bond, such that the compatibility of the two resins is improved. In a material curing and shaping process, phase separation of the resin is avoided. Deionized water, a pigment, a filling material, an antifoaming agent, a dispersing agent, a siccative, and alkyd acrylic hybrid emulsion are uniformly dispersed, such that the aqueous alkyd acrylic resin paint is obtained. The aqueous alkyd acrylic resin paint comprises the components of: aqueous alkyd acrylic resin 65%-80%, the pigment 3%-4%, the filling material 6-10%, deionized water 10%-20%, the dispersing agent 0.05%-0.5%, the antifoaming agent 0.10%-0.30%, and the siccative 0.9%-3.5%.

Aqueous alkyd acrylic resin paint and preparation method thereof

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