This article involves the design and analysis of a novel unit cell designed for Reconfigurable Intelligent Surfaces(RIS) based on metasurfaces operating at 5.8GHz for Wi-Fi and IoT applications. The unit cell consists of a circular loop antenna-inspired structure printed on top of a 1.58mm Taconic TLY substrate which is ground plane-backed. A biasing grid is placed around the loop and a center via is placed connecting the ground plane to the top of the structure. The inner circular loop is designed in such a way as to have more reflection from the surface. The EM simulation of the metasurface is performed and the results are presented in which the 8 distinct phase states with average reflection loss of 1.67 dB are clear. The proposed design is found to be polarization insensitive concerning linear polarization. Also, the angular stability of the structure is tested and works well with fair results till 40°incident angles. The periodicity used here is 25mm. The results are pleasant looking and found to be suitable for Wi-Fi and IoT applications that use the 5.8 GHz - ISM band of frequencies.

A 3-bit Intelligent Reflective Surface with Reconfigurable Phase States, Polarization Insensitivity and Angular Stability for Wi-Fi and IoT applications

This work presents the complete design process of a 3-D fully metallic reflectarray. The structure is composed of two unit cells with resonators in the z-direction that are phase-shifted 180° and distributed in the <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$x$ </tex-math></inline-formula>–<inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$y$ </tex-math></inline-formula>-direction. Here will be shown how those unit cells have been designed and how we determine their distribution. Furthermore, a tolerance analysis is carried out to obtain a prototype that is robust to manufacturing imperfections. Lastly, that prototype is measured to verify the results.

Fully-metallic 3D mmWave Reflectarray with independent polarization steering control

Intelligent reflecting surface (IRS) consisting of a plane including many passive components can control even-t signals and create a programmable wireless environment by reconfigurable passive components. Passive components are typically composed of electronic components such as positive intrinsic-negative (PIN) diodes, field effect transistors, and micro electromechanical system switches, whose inherent characteristics show without active circuitry. Given that intelligent reflecting surfaces can strengthen the property of wireless transmission channels by adjusting the phase of incident signals, we investigate a multi-input single-output smart home model for downlink multi-users in this paper. An alternating optimization (AO) algorithm is proposed to cope with the challenge of maximizing the weighted sum of objectives of multiple users. To increase the sum rate, the beamforming vector at the access point and the phase shift matrix at the IRS are jointly tuned. In perfect channel state information, the AO approach is employed to achieve the effect of user maximization. Typically, fractional programming is utilized to optimize the beamforming vector at AP, while the Riemannian conjugate gradient approach is used to design the phase shift at IRS. Compared with the baseline methods, our proposed method can significantly improve convergence of the system.

Multi-Device Rate Maximization for IRS-Based Smart Home

Information technology's swift progression has rendered network security a critical component of modern infrastructure. Artificial Intelligence (AI) has revolutionized network security, particularly in threat detection and defense mechanisms. Leveraging its advanced data processing and pattern recognition capabilities, AI can forecast and counter potential network threats with enhanced precision and efficiency. The burgeoning global AI market reflects its expansive potential in bolstering network security. By emulating the neural networks of the human brain, AI bolsters threat detection rates, dynamically refines security strategies, and enables automated response and recovery from cyber-attacks. Studies suggest that AI's integration can markedly diminish the risk of network breaches and fortify the reliability of security measures.As the cyber landscape grows more intricate and threats evolve, ongoing innovation in AI is imperative for future advancements. The anticipation is that AI will assume an increasingly pivotal role in network security, offering robust defense against the escalating complexity of cyber threats.

AI-Powered Cybersecurity: Enhancing Threat Detection and Defense in the Digital Age

An adjustable 4×4 antenna array with electrical beam steering and polarization control is presented. Here, adjustability means the ability to correct the beam steering angle post-calibration. The objective is to improve the steering accuracy which is critical in point-to-point communication as inaccuracy will cause transmission failure due to a missed target. The accuracy is enhanced by adjusting the beam steering angle in beamforming calculations. To execute this, the system is calibrated by measuring several unit cells of a partial 4×4 array structure at different voltage bias points and calculating an average model of the phase shift profile. This reduces the phase error from variations between components and robust beam steering is achieved. This technique is utilized in far-field measurements, and fairly accurate initial beam steering angles are achieved at 3 GHz. The accuracy is further improved by over or under steering the desired angle in the beamforming calculations to finally achieve the steering angle of interest with an accuracy of 2∘. Overall, the main beam is incrementally steered from 0∘ to 45∘ with the gain ranging from 4.7 dB to 2.8 dB. The polarization control is also demonstrated in horizontal and vertical directions for a linearly polarized wave.

/pdf/a-4-x-4-active-antenna-array-with-adjustable-beam-steering-65fic3qd.pdf

A 4 × 4 Active Antenna Array with Adjustable Beam Steering

In recent years, reconfigurable intelligent surface (RIS) technologies have been proposed due to its ability in shaping propagation environment for future 6G network development. Existing RIS technologies mainly include the active reconfigurable intelligent surface (ARIS) and the passive reconfigurable intelligent surface (PRIS). In this paper, according to the characteristics of RIS and demands of lower costs, we present a new strategy on the cross-deployment of ARIS and PRIS that meets the beneficial maximization in both capital cost and running cost.

Cross Deployment of Active and Passive Reconfigurable Intelligent Surfaces (RISs) for Next-Generation Communications

In recent years, due to the increasing frequency of global cyber-attacks, the importance of cybersecurity has also increased. The popularization of security science in the entire cyberspace has become a key issue in China. In order to improve the public awareness and quality of cybersecurity, the related departments have introduced a series of relevant laws and measures, actively carrying out cybersecurity science popularization work. This paper explores the current situation of cybersecurity science popularization in China and propose corresponding suggestions.

Popularization and Advancement of Cybersecurity in China: Status and Measures

Fast Terahertz Image Classification with a Single-Pixel Detector

This paper presents two miniaturized designs of quadrature power splitter (QPS) using the state-of-the-art composite microstrip and coplanar-waveguide (CM/CPW) transmission line at 1 GHz. Two compact QPSs, Design A and Design B, are optimized with zigzag-CM/CPW lines in small sizes of 0.057×0.027 λ2 and 0.050×0.037 λ2, respectively. They both have advantages of low cost and easy fabrication attributed to the use of only a single dielectric substrate-layer. While ensuring the miniaturization of circuit board, the power imbalance is minimized at 0.2 dB between two output ports, whereas the error of quadrature (90°) phase is suppressed as low as 0.2° at the center frequency. Besides, high levels of port isolation are achieved within the overlapped fractional bandwidth (15 dB) from 0.78 to 1.29 GHz (Design A) and 0.75 to 1.22 GHz (Design B), respectively. This kind of design has great research and reference value for the miniaturization design of linear vector modulator and micro broadcast circuit design in the future.

Design of Compact Quadrature Power Splitters Using CM/CPW Transmission Lines

This paper firstly reviews the geometries and functionalities of the reflectarray antenna (RTA) and the recon-figurable intelligent surface (RIS). The similarities and differences between the two in structural materials, far/near field division, and their general applications are studied.

A Comparative Study Between Reconfigurable Intelligent Surface and Reflectarray Antenna

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Papers

Cross Deployment of Active and Passive Reconfigurable Intelligent Surfaces (RISs) for Next-Generation Communications

Popularization and Advancement of Cybersecurity in China: Status and Measures

Fast Terahertz Image Classification with a Single-Pixel Detector

Design of Compact Quadrature Power Splitters Using CM/CPW Transmission Lines

A Comparative Study Between Reconfigurable Intelligent Surface and Reflectarray Antenna