Ju Mei,†,‡,∥ Nelson L. C. Leung,†,‡,∥ Ryan T. K. Kwok,†,‡ Jacky W. Y. Lam,†,‡ and Ben Zhong Tang*,†,‡,§ †HKUST-Shenzhen Research Institute, Hi-Tech Park, Nanshan, Shenzhen 518057, China ‡Department of Chemistry, HKUST Jockey Club Institute for Advanced Study, Institute of Molecular Functional Materials, Division of Biomedical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, Division of Life Science, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China Guangdong Innovative Research Team, SCUT-HKUST Joint Research Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China

Aggregation-Induced Emission: Together We Shine, United We Soar!

Macromolecules with aggregation-induced emission (AIE) attributes are a class of luminescent materials that display enhanced emission when they are aggregated. They have attracted much attention because of their good solubility, processability, high emission efficiency in the aggregated states, etc. A large variety of AIE macromolecules have been developed, showing exponential growth of research interest in this field. This review summarizes the design principles and recent synthetic advancements, topological structures, as well as the frontiers of functionalities and potential applications of AIE macromolecules, especially fluorescence sensing, biological applications and optoelectronic applications, with an emphasis on the recent progress. New luminogenic systems without conventional chromophores displaying aggregated state emission are discussed. The highly dense clusters of heteroatoms with lone pair electrons in these systems may serve as the chromophore and are cited as “heterodox clusters”. It is expected that the mechanistic insights into the AIE phenomena, based on the restriction of intramolecular motions and structure rigidification, can guide the future design of AIE materials with fascinating structures and functionalities.

AIE macromolecules: syntheses, structures and functionalities

Heavy metal ions are highly toxic and widely spread as environmental pollutants. New strategies are being developed to simultaneously detect and remove these toxic ions. Herein, we take the intrinsic advantage of covalent organic frameworks (COFs) and develop fluorescent COFs for sensing applications. As a proof-of-concept, a thioether-functionalized COF material, COF-LZU8, was “bottom-up” integrated with multifunctionality for the selective detection and facile removal of mercury(II): the π-conjugated framework as the signal transducer, the evenly and densely distributed thioether groups as the Hg2+ receptor, the regular pores facilitating the real-time detection and mass transfer, together with the robust COF structure for recycle use. The excellent sensing performance of COF-LZU8 was achieved in terms of high sensitivity, excellent selectivity, easy visibility, and real-time response. Meanwhile, the efficient removal of Hg2+ from water and the recycling of COF-LZU8 offers the possibility for practical ...

Thioether-Based Fluorescent Covalent Organic Framework for Selective Detection and Facile Removal of Mercury(II).

Nitrogen-doped carbon quantum dots: facile synthesis and application as a "turn-off" fluorescent probe for detection of Hg2+ ions.

Due to the characteristics of optical rotation, selective emission of polarized light, and circular dichroism, circularly polarized luminescent materials have aroused extensive attentions, and they have exhibited wide optoelectronic applications, such as optical data storage, liquid crystal display, and backlights in 3D displays. Here, the research progress of circularly polarized luminescent materials for organic optoelectronic devices is summarized. First, the definition and measurement of the circularly polarized light, such as optical rotatory dispersion, circular dichroism, and circularly polarized luminescence, are systematically introduced. Subsequently, the design strategies for various kinds of circularly polarized luminescent materials, including luminescent lanthanide and transition‐metal complexes, small organic luminophores, conjugated polymers, supramolecules, and liquid crystals are summarized. These materials exhibit circularly polarized luminescence with different magnitudes of luminescence dissymmetry values (glum). They are further applied in optoelectronic devices with excellent performance, and the influence factors on the glum values of these materials are presented in detail. Finally, the current opportunities and challenges in this rapidly growing research field are discussed systematically. The circularly polarized luminescent materials with large glum and high luminescence efficiency are very promising for applications in organic optoelectronic fields.

Recent Progress on Circularly Polarized Luminescent Materials for Organic Optoelectronic Devices

Na+ triggered fluorescence sensors for Mg2+ detection based on a coumarin salen moiety.

https://www.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/asia.201100534

A Highly Selective and Sensitive Polymer‐based Fluorescence Sensor for Hg2+‐Ion Detection via Click Reaction

A chiral host L1 incorporating (S)-BINOL and substituted coumarin moieties was synthesized via a nucleophilic addition–elimination reaction, and ligand L2 could be obtained by the reduction reaction of the imine-based L1 with NaBH4. The fluorescence responses of chiral compounds L1 and L2 on (L)-/(D)-phenylalaninol were investigated by fluorescence spectra. The fluorescence intensity of L1 in cooperation with (L)-/(D)-phenylalaninol shows a gradual enhancement upon addition of (L)-/(D)-phenylalaninol and keeps a nearly linear correlation with the concentration molar ratios from 1 : 10 to 1 : 180. Stoichiometries and association constants of L1 with (L)-/(D)-phenylalaninol were calculated. The results indicate that chiral sensor L1 can exhibit a remarkable “turn-on” fluorescence enhancement response and excellent enantioselective behaviour for (L)-phenylalaninol by direct visual observation at low concentration, and the value of the enantiomeric fluorescence difference ratio (ef) is 3.07. On the contrary, no obvious fluorescence response and enantioselective recognition effect can be detected for L2 towards either (L)-/(D)-phenylalaninol.

A coumarin-based chiral fluorescence sensor for the highly enantioselective recognition of phenylalaninol

A novel polymer P-1 is prepared by the reaction of the monomer 5,5'-divinyl-2,2'-bipyridine and Salen-Zn(II) via Heck cross coupling. Interestingly, P-1 can further incorporate with Eu(TTA)(3)·2H(2)O to generate copolymer P-2 with two different metal centers. P-2 exhibits exceptional dual emissive properties which can be tuned by excitation wavelength. For example, an orange fluorescence can be obtained when P-2 is excited at 430 nm, whereas a red emission with a huge Stoke shift of 57 nm is observed when it is excited at 345 nm. The high wavelength emission can be attributed to Eu(III) ((5)D(0)→(7)F(2) ), which is lit by an effective photoinduced energy transfer process between P-1 and the Eu(TTA)(3) complex. The properties of P-2 have led to a better understanding of the energy transfer process between P-1 and Eu(TTA)(3) moieties.

Excitation induced emission color change based on Eu(III)-Zn(II)-containing polymer complex.

The novel chiral conjugated polymers P-1 and P-3 are prepared from the monomers S-M-2 and S-M-3 with (R,R)-1,2-aminocyclohexane (M-1) via a nucleophilic addition-elimination reaction, respectively. The Eu(III)-grafting chiral polymers P-2 and P-4 could be obtained by direct coordination reaction of Eu(TTA)3 ·2H2 O with P-1 and P-3, respectively. Photoexcitation of P-2 produces pink color emission as a result of the combination of partial blue self-emission chromophore of P-1 along with the red color from the Eu(TTA)3 moiety, whereas P-4 shows the exclusively red color emission from the Eu(III) ((5) D0 →(7) F2 ) transition due to almost complete excitation energy transfer from the macromolecular chain to the Eu(TTA)3 moiety. The choice substitution of phenyl derivative of the polymer plays a crucial role on the efficient energy transfer from the polymer chain to Eu(III) ion center. Meanwhile, the glum value of the dissymmetry factor of circularly polarized luminescence (CPL) for the (5) D0 →(7) F2 transition of Eu(III) for P-4 reaches as high as +0.0207, whereas P-2 exhibits the largest glum value about +0.0464 centered at 434 nm.

Circularly Polarized Luminescence and Tuning Chromaticity of Eu(III)-Grafting Chiral Polymer Based on Variable Position of the Substitution

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