Anatomical, physiological and functional neuroimaging studies suggest that the cerebellum participates in the organization of higher order function, but there are very few descriptions of clinically relevant cases that address this possibility. We performed neurological examinations, bedside mental state tests, neuropsychological studies and anatomical neuroimaging on 20 patients with diseases confined to the cerebellum, and evaluated the nature and severity of the changes in neurological and mental function. Behavioural changes were clinically prominent in patients with lesions involving the posterior lobe of the cerebellum and the vermis, and in some cases they were the most noticeable aspects of the presentation. These changes were characterized by: impairment of executive functions such as planning, set-shifting, verbal fluency, abstract reasoning and working memory; difficulties with spatial cognition including visual-spatial organization and memory; personality change with blunting of affect or disinhibited and inappropriate behaviour; and language deficits including agrammatism and dysprosodia. Lesions of the anterior lobe of the cerebellum produced only minor changes in executive and visual-spatial functions. We have called this newly defined clinical entity the 'cerebellar cognitive affective syndrome'. The constellation of deficits is suggestive of disruption of the cerebellar modulation of neural circuits that link prefrontal, posterior parietal, superior temporal and limbic cortices with the cerebellum.

/pdf/the-cerebellar-cognitive-affective-syndrome-2qlts0j1w1.pdf

The cerebellar cognitive affective syndrome.

This study suggests that there are sex differences in vocational attitude maturity. In the four-school stratified sample of eleventh grade boys and girls studied, the girls scored significantly higher than the boys in vocational attitude. No sex differences in overall level of self-esteem, as measured by the Tennessee Self-Concept Scale, were found. For both sexes a significant relationship between the over all level of self-esteem and vocational attitude maturity was indicated, with the relationship being higher for males than for females. The self-concept variables of self-satisfaction, family, and moral-ethical self were found to contribute to the vocational attitude maturity of males. For females, the self-concept variables of identity and moral-ethical self contributed to their vocational attitude maturity.

Sex Differences in

Cognitive endophenotypes of bipolar disorder: a meta-analysis of neuropsychological deficits in euthymic patients and their first-degree relatives.

Assessment practices of clinical neuropsychologists in the United States and Canada: a survey of INS, NAN, and APA Division 40 members.

Cross-sectional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) studies of cortical thickness and volume have shown age effects on large areas, but there are substantial discrepancies across studies regarding the localization and magnitude of effects. These discrepancies hinder understanding of effects of aging on brain morphometry, and limit the potential usefulness of MR in research on healthy and pathological age-related brain changes. The present study was undertaken to overcome this problem by assessing the consistency of age effects on cortical thickness across 6 different samples with a total of 883 participants. A surface-based segmentation procedure (FreeSurfer) was used to calculate cortical thickness continuously across the brain surface. The results showed consistent age effects across samples in the superior, middle, and inferior frontal gyri, superior and middle temporal gyri, precuneus, inferior and superior parietal cortices, fusiform and lingual gyri, and the temporo-parietal junction. The strongest effects were seen in the superior and inferior frontal gyri, as well as superior parts of the temporal lobe. The inferior temporal lobe and anterior cingulate cortices were relatively less affected by age. The results are discussed in relation to leading theories of cognitive aging.

High Consistency of Regional Cortical Thinning in Aging across Multiple Samples

This paper incorporates a direct English translation of two key French papers on the Rey (1941) Complex Figure as modified proceduraly by Osterrieth (1944). The descriptions of the technique in the two original papers are supplemented by a commentary on the current use of the technique in clinical practice.

Psychological examination of traumatic encephalopathy

1. 1. The rate of weight gain in 20 hospitalized underweight female patients meeting criteria for anorexia nervosa or anorexia nervosa with bulimic features and major depression was compared retrospectively. 10 patients were treated with fluoxetine and 10 with tricyclic antidepressants (nortriptyline or desipramine). In addition, all subjects followed a standardized eating disorders protocol. 2. 2. The eating disorder protocol specified the total number of calories consumed daily, measurement of weight three times per week, and close observation to prevent intentional weight loss behaviors. 3. 3. Results were that there were no differences in rate of weight gain over 21 days between the two groups of patients when data were adjusted for daily caloric intake.

Chart review of rate of weight gain in eating disorder patients treated with tricyclic antidepressants or fluoxetine

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Psychological examination of traumatic encephalopathy

Chart review of rate of weight gain in eating disorder patients treated with tricyclic antidepressants or fluoxetine