Hopkinson bar experimental techniques have been extensively employed to investigate the mechanical response and fracture behavior of engineering materials under high rate loading. Among these applications, the study of the dynamic fracture behavior of materials at stress-wave loading conditions (corresponding stress-intensity factor rate ∼106 MPam/s) has been an active research area in recent years. Various Hopkinson bar loading configurations and corresponding experimental methods have been proposed to date for measuring dynamic fracture toughness and investigating fracture mechanisms of engineering materials. In this paper, advances in Hopkinson bar loaded dynamic fracture techniques over the past 30 years, focused on dynamic fracture toughness measurement, are presented. Various aspects of Hopkinson bar fracture testing are reviewed, including (a) the analysis of advantages and disadvantages of loading systems and sample configurations; (b) a discussion of operating principles for determining dynamic load and sample displacement in different loading configurations; (c) a comparison of various methods used for determining dynamic fracture parameters (load, displacement, fracture time, and fracture toughness), such as theoretical formula, optical gauges, and strain gauges; and (d) an update of modeling and simulation of loading configurations. Fundamental issues associated with stress-wave loading, such as stress-wave propagation along the elastic bars and in the sample, stress-state equilibrium validation, incident pulse-shaping effect, and the “loss-of-contact” phenomenon are also addressed in this review.

Hopkinson Bar Loaded Fracture Experimental Technique: A Critical Review of Dynamic Fracture Toughness Tests

Effect of thermal treatment on the mode I fracture toughness of granite under dynamic and static coupling load

Experimental investigation on the effect of wetting-drying cycles on mixed mode fracture toughness of sandstone

Effect of cyclic wetting and drying on the pure mode II fracture toughness of sandstone

This book discusses microstructure-property correlations and explores key microstructure features and how they affect the properties of a material. The authors discuss the effect of manufacturing and processing routes on microstructure and properties. They identify appropriate microstructure and mechanical characterization techniques essential for developing accurate microstructure-property relationships. The techniques include high resolution imaging methods and properties measurements such as hardness, strength, elastic modulus, and fracture toughness. Current and future trends in hard and superhard material design are revealed by the authors, including nanostructured materials, biomimicry, and novel manufacturing technologies

Microstructure-Property Correlations for Hard, Superhard, and Ultrahard Materials

Mode-I fracture toughness measurement of PMMA with the Brazilian disk test

The technique of laser cladding (LC) has gained tremendous attention for its potential to replace conventional machining procedures for producing and repairing intricate components based on Inconel 718 (IN718) alloy. Nevertheless, the application of LC fabricated IN718 components is often limited because of their mediocre surface integrity and mechanical property, these components need to be post-treatment. Post-treatment with dry milling not only improves surface quality but also contributes to environmental protection. Therefore, to get insight into the material removal mechanism of LC fabricated IN718 components in the dry milling process, a range of experiments have been conducted to research cutting force, surface topography and roughness, subsurface microstructure, and microhardness. A set of comparative trials to the wrought IN718 samples were also performed. The cutting forces of LC fabricated IN718 samples are 1.52–16.69 N larger than that of wrought IN718 samples, owing to differences in grain geometries. Also, relatively typical surface topography and roughness were achieved using different kinds of IN718 samples. There is evidence that surface plastic deformation and grain refinement are greater on LC fabricated IN718 samples than on wrought IN718 samples. Finally, examinations of the subsurface microstructure and microhardness between the two types of IN718 samples were compared. Grain refinement in two types of IN718 components could increase microhardness from 92.1 to 140 HV0.025. 

Study on machinability and grain deformation of laser cladding manufactured and wrought IN718 alloys in dry milling process

Excellent plastic forming ability is a prerequisite for large-scale production of steel wires in engineering application. The process of traditional steel wire production inevitably needs interannealing treatment and corrosion-resistant surface treatment (such as hot-dip galvanizing), consuming a large amount of energy and causing environmental pollution. Herein, a rod of 6.34 mm in diameter, made of Fe35Ni35Cr20Mn10 high-entropy alloy (HEA), is continually cold drawn to 0.08 mm wire without interannealing, reaching an accumulated strain of 8.73 and a section reduction ratio of 99.98%. The mechanical properties are examined by CMT5105 or CMT4503 tensile tester. The microstructure was characterized by scanning electron microscopy (FEI Sirion-400) and transmission electron microscopy (FEI Tecani G2 T20). The wire of 0.08 mm in diameter possesses a high strength of 1868 ± 13 MPa. The formation of nanotwins or twin-groups between the lamellar structures and inside the lamellar structure during cold-drawing can harmonize the deformation between the lamellar structures and between grains in a lamellar structure that guarantee the continual plastic deformation. The high strength of the prepared HEA wires is related to the great increase in dislocation density, the formation of nanotwins, and hard <111> texture and the refinement of lamellar structures. 

Super cold‐drawing ability and high tensile strength of Fe35Ni35Cr20Mn10 high‐entropy alloy wires

Mode-I fracture toughness of PMMA at high loading rates

Effect of carbon alloying on microstructure and mechanical behaviors of Fe35Ni35Cr20Mn10 multi-component alloy

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