A compact polarization tracking active phased array for Ku-band mobile satellite signal reception is presented. In contrast with conventional mechanically tracking antennas, the approach presented here meets the requirements of beam tracking and polarization tracking simultaneously without any servo components. The two-layer stacked square patch fed by two probes is used as antenna element. The impedance bandwidth of 16% for the element covers the operating frequency range from 12.25 GHz to 12.75 GHz. In the presence of mutual coupling, the dimensional parameters for each element of the small 7 × 7 array are optimized during beam scanning and polarization tracking. The compact polarization tracking modules based on the low-temperature cofired ceramic (LTCC) system-in-package (SiP) technology are proposed. A small active phased array prototype with the size of 120 mm (length) × 120 mm (width) × 55 mm (height) is developed. The measured polarization tracking patterns of the prototype are given. The polarization tracking beam can be steered in the elevation up to 50°. The gain of no less than 16.0 dBi and the aperture efficiency of more than 50% are obtained. The measured and simulated polarization tracking patterns agreed well.

https://downloads.hindawi.com/journals/ijap/2013/747629.pdf

A Small Ku-Band Polarization Tracking Active Phased Array for Mobile Satellite Communications

Detailed analysis of the polarization tracking modules for Ku band active phased array antennas is presented. The proposed transmitter (14.0–14.5 GHz) and receiver (12.25–12.75 GHz) modules are based on the low temperature co-fired ceramic (LTCC) technique, containing orthogonal dual channels with different phases controlled by phase shifters. The effect of amplitude and phase inconsistency between two channels on polarization tracking performance is analyzed. The validity of the analysis is verified by the measurements of the manufactured prototypes. The measured patterns of the active phased array antenna are given to illustrate the effects of the modules on polarization agility, which may be used for Ku band satellite antennas on mobile terminals.

Analysis and experimental studies of compact polarization tracking modules for Ku band phased array antennas

A low-cost and low-complexity polarization detection approach is proposed to estimate the polarization angle of linearly polarized (LP) incident electromagnetic (EM) waves using polarization-sensitive energy harvesting metasurfaces (EHMs). Two identical EHMs are proposed to be deployed on the same receiving plane with orthogonal orientations, which can separately capture the two orthogonal electric-field components of the incident wave and further convert them into alternating-current (ac) signals. The two captured ac signals are then rectified into two direct-current (dc) voltages that can be measured and used to estimate the polarization state. A polarization-detection voltage ratio (PDVR) parameter is introduced to characterize the polarization angle versus the two output dc voltages in a monotonic linear manner, providing a high-accuracy polarization angle detection. To demonstrate the proposed scheme, a polarization-sensitive EHM composed of $8\times8$ unit cells together with a single-stage voltage multiplier rectifier is designed, fabricated, and measured in the 5.8-GHz band. The measured results show that the maximum energy harvesting efficiency of the proposed EHM is 82.1% at 5.8 GHz, and the output dc voltage from the rectifier circuit is 0.927 V with an optimal input power of 5 dBm. A polarization-angle error of less than 2.3° is achieved during the polarization detection experiment, where no complicated and costly radio frequency (RF) component or circuit is used. The proposed approach has features of low cost, low complexity, and high accuracy, which is promising for noncooperative radiating source sensing applications.

A Low-Cost Polarization Detection Approach Enabled by Energy Harvesting Metasurface: Concept, Design, and Experiment

Abstract A kind of three dimensional Low Temperature Co-fired Ceramic (LTCC)-System in Package (SIP) transition was proposed in this paper. The basic design of SIP with LTCC technology was done by vertical transitions which transmit the microwave signal from the bottom to the surface of the substrate. The measured insertion loss did not exceed 1.5 dB, which contains the insertion loss of the test board about 0.6 dB at 18 GHz and the return loss was better than-15 dB up to 18 GHz. Then this technology was applied to a kind of phase shifting and amplifier module with two output ports. Basing on this module, a miniature Ku-band active phase array antenna was realized. The design results in a small size(84.8 mm×84.8 mm×55 mm). The measured performance of systems radiation pattern was also given.

High Integrated Microwave Architecture Using LTCC-SIP Technology in Active Phased Array Antenna Applications

A broadband coplanar waveguide with ground to stripline transition with high performance is designed and implemented, which can work at DC or a frequency up to 40 GHz. The ground-signal-ground probe test is a widely used method for accurate measurement of millimeter wave device. Because the probe pitch is smaller than the best dimension of the transition, a 50Ω connector fabricated by Gallium-Arsenic technology was introduced as the bridge between the transition and the probes. In order to acquire accurate measurement result, de-embedding method is adopted. The measurement results show that the insertion loss of the entire transition path is less than 0.5 dB and the return loss is better than −14.5 dB at a frequency up to 40 GHz. Besides, an equivalent circuit model of the transition is also proposed.

Broad-band CPWG to stripline feed-through transition and de-embedding method for millimeter wave measurement

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High Integrated Microwave Architecture Using LTCC-SIP Technology in Active Phased Array Antenna Applications

Analysis and experimental studies of compact polarization tracking modules for Ku band phased array antennas

Broad-band CPWG to stripline feed-through transition and de-embedding method for millimeter wave measurement