Challenges and opportunities of utilizing municipal solid waste as alternative building materials for sustainable development goals: A review

Cement composites like mortar and concrete are the most widely used construction material in the world. Around 90% of the total carbon footprints of concrete manufacturing comes from cement production. The conventional ingredients of the concrete are primarily derived from natural resources like rocks and river beds resulting in the degradation of the natural resources. The growing energy requirements are generally met from the thermal power plants resulting in the generation of an enormous amount of coal ashes that further leads to environmental degradation. An attempt to minimize the environmental impacts of the aforementioned industries requires the utilization of the by-products from the thermal power plants in the manufacturing of mortar and concrete. Coal Bottom Ash (CBA), heavier coarse ash generated and collected from the thermal power plants can be utilized in mortar and concrete manufacturing in two different capacities. The present study summarizes the investigations carried out on fresh, mechanical, and durability properties of the mortar and concrete mixes with CBA as a replacement of fine aggregates and cement. Most of the investigations carried out on the use of CBA encourage the idea of utilizing it as a green material in the manufacturing of mortar and concrete. The present study includes some of the contradictory results, future challenges, and research gaps related to the application of CBA in the construction industry. Further, this review is an effort to provide a substantial base of knowledge, future scopes, and the challenges related to the potential use of CBA as fine aggregates and cement replacement in mortar and concrete, to promote sustainability and cleaner production in the construction sector.

Performance of cement mortars and concretes containing coal bottom ash: A comprehensive review

Utilization of alternative sand for preparation of sustainable mortar: A review

A critical review and gap analysis on the use of coal bottom ash as a substitute constituent in concrete

Cement and aggregates are the essential materials for concrete production. Besides, industrial wastes supplant construction materials. Investigating the engineering properties and environmental aspects of concrete produced with waste materials is required. Thus, this study researched leaching, chemical, and physical properties of the coal power plant wastes and concrete containing coal ashes. These wastes included Fly Ash (FA) and Bottom Ash (BA). X-ray fluorescence (XRF), X-Ray diffraction (XRD), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) revealed the physicochemical traits, toxicity characteristic leaching procedure (TCLP), and semi-dynamic tank leaching procedure (SDTLP) determined the leaching performance. Physicochemical analysis of FA and BA showed that these wastes, by-products can be a part of cement and fine aggregate substitute in concrete production. However, leaching test results did not demonstrate any leaching trace elements and heavy metals to the environment from BA, FA, and coal ash concrete. The FA and BA had the potential as cement and fine aggregate replacements, respectively. Using coal ashes (FA and BA), sustainable and green concrete can be made having advantages, such as reducing the final cost production of concrete and utilizing less natural resources. 

Assessment of environmental and chemical properties of coal ashes including fly ash and bottom ash, and coal ash concrete

The recycling of raw-state bottom ash as it is holds an advantage from an economic and environmental standpoint in that it omits pre-processes such as milling and wetting. Its physical and chemical properties are first characterized for the purpose, and then the use of raw-state bottom ash for aggregates in construction materials is proposed. Preplaced aggregate concrete or dry-mixing concrete scheme can be selectively applied according to the particle size requirement of bottom ash aggregate. Preplaced bottom ash aggregate concrete is produced by placing the bottom ash aggregate in formwork and injecting grout to fill the voids. To ensure the injectability of the grout, relatively large-sized particles, greater than 5 mm, are recommended to be used. In the case of dry-mixing concrete, this is originally designed for manufacturing concrete masonry units and concrete blocks with a low water-to-cement ratio and consolidated zero-slump concrete using a mechanized vibrating mold. The experimental results show that bottom ash aggregate concrete has moderate compressive strength with a low density.

https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007%2Fs10163-019-00841-5.pdf

Use of raw-state bottom ash for aggregates in construction materials

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Use of raw-state bottom ash for aggregates in construction materials