The Longmen Grottoes are located in carbonate rock stratum.These rocks are easy to be corroded. The harmful hydroniums of Cl~-?SO~2-)4?NH~+4?NO~-3 and so on are obviously increasing in the Yihe river water and rainwater of the Longmen Grottoes area in recent years. The diseases of the grottoes have been taken a turn for the worse by these components. Rain water permeated through the earth's surface and seeped into the grottoes along the fracture channels and corroded the stone carvings.The karst holes, corroded grooves,gouges and bores with different sizes have been formed on the rock surface of the grottoes,which destroyed the integrality of rocks and the stone carvings.The sediments formed by karst have covered the stone carvings, which have made the stone carvings lose the original value.On the base of investigation of the status quo of the karsts diseases of the Longmen grottoes,in this paper the mechanism of the karsts diseases is discussed according to the spacial distributing regularity of karst,the penetrative connecting meshwork of the rock structures,microstructures and so on.The fundamental prevent method for the karsts diseases of Longmen Grottoes is to control water.The rainwater seeped into the grottoes which corroded the stone carvings should be put to prevent by fissure grouting, the pavement of ground waterproof,the installation earth's) surface drainage system and so on. Furthermore,the current sediment of karsts can be cleared away by the manual physical work of being soften and peel off.The current karsts holes and gouges can be filled up with the renovating mortar modulated by primary rocks chipping and mortar.

Research on the karst diseases of the longmen grottoes in luoyang,henan province

Based on the investigation research of weathering characteristics and affecting factors of weathering action on surrounding rock of the Longmen cavern, Luoyang, it is pointed that the main forms of weathering action are biological weathering and physical weathering. And the weathering meachanism is also studied. With the growing of plants on the top of the mountain, the primary effecting factor of weathering damage has beening changed into biological weathering from previous physical weathering. The biological weathering damage include mainly the mechanical damage of plant rootsystem and the biological-chemical damage of plant humic compounds. So the damage of biological weathering action should be paid more attention.

Study on weathering characteristics of surrounding rock in Longmen cavern

According to the reality of Nanjing University Pukou Campus, this paper quantitatively analyses and evaluates the greenland system of pukou campus in terms of the theory of heterogeneity in Landscape Ecology and finds that its main ecological problems lie in the deficiencies in patch sizes,landscape diversity and density of corridors greenland, which result in the poor quality of ecosystem of the new campus. In order to solve the problems, this paper presents some constructive suggestions and plans on the optimization and rebuilding of the campus greenland system in Nanjing University.

Analysis and Quality Evaluation of Greenland System in University Campus by the Theory of Heterogeneity in Landscape Ecology

The Yungang Grottoes, a World Heritage Site in Datong, consist of 252 caves that are noted for their collection of 5th- and 6th-century Buddhist grotto sculptures and reliefs. Various diseases have appeared in the grottoes under the general influence of natural and artificial factors. Bolt support is a commonly employed method for grotto reinforcement and has been widely applied in many projects. Small-diameter bolts have also been used in the reinforcement projects at the Yungang Grottoes, but the corresponding effect on the seismic performance of grottoes is still unclear. In this paper, a dynamic analysis via the numerical modelling of an ear grotto of the 19th grotto in Yungang is established, and the rock displacement, acceleration, and bolt axial force responses under a seismic wave are analyzed. The results show that the seismic dynamic responses of grottoes are greatly affected by the cliff structure. The displacement and acceleration responses of the cliff body vary greatly within the abrupt transition of the cliff structure. Based on this variation, the seismic capacity of small-diameter bolts in the vertical direction is greater than that in the horizontal direction. The axial force of a bolt is small at both ends of the bolt, large in the middle of the bolt, small on the top of a cliff, and large at the bottom of the cliff. Although the axial force is small, the upper rock mass of the grotto has a tendency to undergo relative movement compared with the outer rock mass. The results also indicate that based on the structural defects in the vertical direction of the cliff body caused by grotto excavation, the inclined angle of the bolt should be increased as far as possible or vertical support should be adopted to enhance the stability of the rock mass at the top of the grotto.

/pdf/study-on-the-seismic-performance-of-small-diameter-bolts-4b5dvzpr6j.pdf

Study on the Seismic Performance of Small-diameter Bolts Reinforced in Grottoes

As precious cultural heritage sites, the state of preservation of cave temples is closely related to the geological and climatic conditions in which they are located. This paper constructed an analytical method of sized slate stability based on the equivalent support stiffness method. The stability analysis of the roof slab of Yuanjue Cave was carried out by establishing a three-dimensional numerical calculation model. Through comparative analysis of the results of stress and displacement fields under different conditions, the stress and deformation characteristics of the roof slab of Yuanjue Cave were revealed, as well as the study of the main factors affecting the stability of the roof slab of Yuanjue Cave and the key slate to be monitored. The main research results are as follows. The stress deformation of the roof plate of Yuanjue cave is mainly divided into the initial uniform change stage, the medium-term stable change stage or the medium-term accelerated change stage, and the later rapid change stage. With the increase in the number of overhanging and broken slates and the increase in the damage factor of cracked slates, the vertical stress extremum of the stones increases continuously, and the equivalent support stiffness decreases, which aggravates the uneven stress deformation of the roof of the Yuanjue Cave. This study provides a reliable reference basis for the stability analysis and evaluation of the roof slab of a large number of cave temples existing in the Sichuan and Chongqing areas in China.

/pdf/stability-study-of-the-roof-plate-of-the-yuanjue-cave-based-3i1zgl0e.pdf

Stability Study of the Roof Plate of the Yuanjue Cave Based on the Equivalent Support Stiffness Method

The plan and architectural design of the campus is one part of green ecological building, which is the ingredient of architectural theory of sustainable development. Beginning with the plan of ecological campus, this paper analyzes design technique of ecological building in different areas. According to the characteristics and priorities of different areas, the different models of design are built and the different means of energy conservation and emission reduction are adopted in this paper. So the aim to save energy resources and utilize resource scientifically and efficiently will be realized. This paper will be a salutary lesson to create humanistic, ecological and intellective campus landscape with abundant connotations.

Architectural Design of Green Campus

This paper starting with the analysis of weathering actuality of Longmen Grottoes in Luoyang, combined with the result of geological hazard investigation of 3 caverns ( Qianxi temple, HuangPuGong cave and Lu hole ), divides the damage effects of Longmen Grottoes into mechanics effect, chemical effect and biology effect, then analyses the geological condition and the solution to protect caverns, and proposes a geological protection project for this kind of stone cultural relics. So as to this paper can provide reference to the similar stone cultural relics protection works.

Geological Protection Project of the Longmen Grottoes in Luoyang

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Architectural Design of Green Campus

Geological Protection Project of the Longmen Grottoes in Luoyang