Toxicity changes of wastewater during various advanced oxidation processes treatment: An overview

The use of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) in photovoltaics could have significant ramifications on the commercial solar cell market. Three interrelated research directions within the field are crucial to the ultimate success of this endeavor; 1) separation, purification, and enrichment of CNTs followed by 2) their integration into organic solar cells as a photosensitive element or 3) in silicon solar cells as a hole selective contact. All three subtopics have experienced tremendous growth over the past 20 years and certainly the performance of the silicon‐based cells is now rapidly approaching that of those on industrial production lines. With a view to these three research areas, the purpose of this Progress Report is to provide a brief overview of each field but more importantly to discuss the challenges and future directions that will allow CNT photovoltaics to move out of the research lab and into end user technology. These include efforts to upscale CNT purification, improvements in power conversion efficiency, increased light absorption, the identification of new material combinations, passivation strategies, and a better understanding of charge separation and energy transfer within these systems.

/pdf/carbon-nanotubes-for-photovoltaics-from-lab-to-industry-tys9rn7mkr.pdf

Carbon Nanotubes for Photovoltaics: From Lab to Industry

The evolution of the contact scheme has driven the technology revolution of crystalline silicon (c-Si) solar cells. The state-of-the-art high-efficiency c-Si solar cells such as silicon heterojunction (SHJ) and tunnel oxide passivated contact (TOPCon) solar cells are featured with passivating contacts based on doped Si thin films, which induce parasitic optical absorption loss and require capital-intensive deposition processes involving flammable and toxic gasses. A promising solution to tackle this problem is to employ dopant-free passivating contact, involving the use of transparent and cost-effective wide band gap materials. In this review, we first introduce the dopant-free passivating contact, from carrier transport mechanisms, material classification to evaluation methods. Then we focus on the advances in different strategies to improve cell performance, including material property optimization, structural and interfacial engineering, as well as various post-treatments. At the end, the challenge and perspective of dopant-free passivating contact c-Si solar cells are discussed. 

Dopant‐free passivating contacts for crystalline silicon solar cells: Progress and prospects

The development of clean and sustainable energy is crucial to solve the increasingly serious energy crisis. Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) containing both inorganic and organic components have attracted extensive attention on energy applications because of their tunable structures and fascinating properties. Particularly, liquid-phase epitaxial (LPE) layer by layer (LBL) growth of MOFs thin films on various substrates surfaces (called SURMOFs, surface-coordinated MOF thin films) possess the advantages of controlled thickness, preferred growth orientation and homogeneous film, which provide ideal candidates for energy storage and conversion. In this review, we summarize the fabrication strategies of SURMOFs including the layer by layer dipping, pump, spray, spin-coating and flowing methods, the classification and advantages of SURMOFs, and then discuss the related energy applications of SURMOFs, encapsulated SURMOFs, and SURMOF-derivative on electrocatalysis, photocatalysis, and solar cells etc.

Surface-coordinated metal-organic framework thin films (SURMOFs): From fabrication to energy applications

State-of-the-art passivation strategies of c-Si for photovoltaic applications: A review

Traditional silicon solar cells extract holes and achieve interface passivation with the use of a boron dopant and dielectric thin films such as silicon oxide or hydrogenated amorphous silicon. Without these two key components, few technologies have realized power conversion efficiencies above 20%. Here, a carbon nanotube ink is spin coated directly onto a silicon wafer to serve simultaneously as a hole extraction layer, but also to passivate interfacial defects. This enables a low‐cost fabrication process that is absent of vacuum equipment and high‐temperatures. Power conversion efficiencies of 21.4% on an device area of 4.8 cm$^{2}$ and 20% on an industrial size (245.71 cm$^{2}$) wafer are obtained. Additionally, the high quality of this passivated carrier selective contact affords a fill factor of 82%, which is a record for silicon solar cells with dopant‐free contacts. The combination of low‐dimensional materials with an organic passivation is a new strategy to high performance photovoltaics.

/pdf/a-polymer-carbon-nanotube-ink-as-a-boron-dopant-inorganic-3j9ccvl8os.pdf

A Polymer/Carbon-Nanotube Ink as a Boron-Dopant/Inorganic-Passivation Free Carrier Selective Contact for Silicon Solar Cells with over 21% Efficiency

Since its discovery ferroelectricity has been an intriguing phenomenon in materials science and is usually observed in a single ferroelectric material. In this study, it is shown that ferroelectriciy can also occur at the interface between two non-ferroelectric materials, a polymer and silicon, and interfacial ferroelectric-like behavior is demonstrated. Sulfonic functional groups on the polymer establish electrochemically switchable dipoles, which are considered to be the origin of ferroelectric polarization and are observed in an atom-thick polar region at the interface. Above room temperature polarization hysteresis loops with long term stability, thermal stability, reliable switching reproducibility and long information retention directly on rigid and flexible silicon substrates are demonstrated. This exotic ferroelectric phenomenon extends polarization switching beyond singular materials and has the potential to advance the design of new ferroelectric devices.

Ferroelectric-like organic–inorganic interfaces

The 1D confinement of silicon in the form of a nanowire revives its newness with the emergence of new optical and electronic properties. However, the development of a production process for silicon nanowires (SiNWs) having a high quality crystalline core and exhibiting good stability in solution with effective outer-shell defect passivation is still a challenge. In this work, SiNWs are prepared from a silicon wafer using solution processing steps, and importantly outer-shell-defect passivation is achieved by in situ grafting of organic molecules based on thin films. Defect passivation and the high quality of the SiNWs are confirmed with thin films on glass and flexible plastic substrates. A dramatic enhancement in both the fluorescence lifetime and infrared photoluminescence is observed. The in situ organic passivation of SiNWs has potential application in all low-dimensional silicon devices including infrared detectors, solar cells and lithium-ion battery anodes.

Solution processable in situ passivated silicon nanowires

The organic passivated carbon nanotube (CNT)/silicon (Si) solar cell is a new type of low-cost, high-efficiency solar cell, with challenges concerning the stability of the organic layer used for passivation. In this work, the stability of the organic layer is studied with respect to the internal and external (humidity) water content and additionally long-term stability for low moisture environments. It is found that the organic passivated CNT/Si complex interface is not stable, despite both the organic passivation layer and CNTs being stable on their own and is due to the CNTs providing an additional path for water molecules to the interface. With the use of a simple encapsulation, a record power conversion efficiency of 22% is achieved and a stable photovoltaic performance is demonstrated. This work provides a new direction for the development of high-performance/low-cost photovoltaics in the future and will stimulate the use of nanotubes materials for solar cells applications.

Stable Organic Passivated Carbon Nanotube-Silicon Solar Cells with an Efficiency of 22.

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A Polymer/Carbon-Nanotube Ink as a Boron-Dopant/Inorganic-Passivation Free Carrier Selective Contact for Silicon Solar Cells with over 21% Efficiency

Ferroelectric-like organic–inorganic interfaces

Solution processable in situ passivated silicon nanowires

Stable Organic Passivated Carbon Nanotube-Silicon Solar Cells with an Efficiency of 22.