In pursuit of exploring functional applications of coal, this study ultrasound-assisted hydrogen peroxide was used to transform cheap coal into environmentally friendly and high-value coal-based carbon quantum dots (CQDs). These CQDs are then harnessed to synergistically assist the photocatalytic water splitting for hydrogen evolution, in collaboration with CoMoO4 (CM) and g-C3N4 (CN). The results indicated that the novel composite photocatalyst, CMCN-11/8%SCQDs, exhibited high hydrogen evolution activity, reaching a maximum hydrogen production rate of 4916.63 μmol g−1 h−1 at pH 9. At a wavelength of 420 nm, the apparent quantum efficiency (AQE) was 1.78%. The conduction and valence band positions of CM were determined to be −1.03 eV and 1.65 eV, respectively, while those of CN were −0.83 eV and 1.72 eV, suggesting the formation of an S-type heterojunction between CM and CN. The significant role of SCQDs in enhancing the photocatalytic hydrogen evolution was extensively investigated, demonstrating that the synergistic effect between SCQDs, CM, and CN could enhance the hydrogen evolution activity. SCQDs exhibited excellent electron transfer capabilities, serving as bridges for electron transport, functioning both as electron acceptors and donors, effectively impeding the rapid recombination of electron-hole pairs and enhancing their separation efficiency. This study provides crucial insights into the utilization of coal-based CQDs for photocatalytic water splitting, offering an economically viable and sustainable option for the functional application of coal and opening new avenues for the rational design of efficient and cost-effective photocatalysts. 

Enhanced photocatalytic hydrogen evolution over coal-based carbon quantum dots modified CoMoO4/g-C3N4

Surface defect or p-n heterojunction is considered as an efficient strategy to fabricate intrinsic built-in electric field and facilitate the charge separation and transfer. Herein, a novel p-n heterojunction photocatalyst CsPbBr3/Co3O4 was constructed by a facile microwave-assisted method, in which CsPbBr3 QDs anchored on ZIF-67 derived Co3O4 nanocage can simultaneously introduce oxygen vacancies and strengthen the interfacial interaction. As a result, the as-prepared CsPbBr3/Co3O4 displays the satisfactory photocatalytic CO2 reduction performance without photosensitizer and sacrificial agent, and the optimal catalyst exhibits that the average electron consumption rate (Relectron) is 158.80 μmol‧g−1‧h−1, which is 12.41 times higher than that of pure CsPbBr3. Photoassisted Kelvin probe force microscopy (KPFM) and experimental characterizations exhibit the formation of strong built-in electric fields probably due to the rich oxygen vacancies in this p-n heterojunction. Besides, DFT calculations confirm that the charge transfer pathway, where the electrons are quickly migrated to the catalytic active sites through the formed Cs-O bonds, thus accelerating the charge separation. This work could establish an effective strategy for the rational design of p-n heterojunction to achieve high-performance CO2 conversion. 

Interface engineering of hollow CsPbBr3/Co3O4 p-n heterojunction with rich oxygen vacancy for highly enhanced photocatalytic CO2 reduction

Bifunctional noble-metal-free cocatalyst coating enabling better coupling of photocatalytic CO2 reduction and H2O oxidation on direct Z-scheme heterojunction

In several applications of artificial photosynthesis, photocatalytic hydrogen evolution reaction can realize the conversion of light energy to hydrogen energy, showing great potential in achieving sustainable energy utilization. TiO2 is the first photocatalyst used for photocatalytic hydrogen evolution. It has attracted much attention due to its stability and low cost. However, the original TiO2 faces the problems of difficult charge excitation, low carrier utilization rate, and limited photocatalytic hydrogen production efficiency, which makes it challenging to achieve industrial demand. This review summarizes strategies for the evolution of TiO2 into natural photosystem based on thermodynamics and kinetics, including defect engineering, junction engineering, and cocatalyst engineering. Subsequently, other promising optimization strategies for photocatalytic systems were also reviewed. Finally, various problems in the industrialization of TiO2 for photocatalytic hydrogen production were proposed. It was found that the evolution of TiO2 into a natural photosystem is an effective solution to improve its hydrogen evolution activity. Moreover, superior to the photosystem, its catalytic efficiency is allowed to be further improved by other optimization strategies such as introducing thermal effects. To design excellent TiO2 for hydrogen evolution reaction, it is necessary to handle the development trend of these evolution strategies. 

Design strategy for photocatalytic hydrogen evolution reaction of TiO2: A review

Bifunctional core–shell co-catalyst for boosting photocatalytic CO2 reduction to CH4

Developing highly efficient and low-cost photocatalysts for CO2 reduction is of critical importance for the conversion of CO2 to value-added chemicals. Here we report a Co-based zeolitic imidazole framework (ZIF-67) based photocatalyst with exceptional photocatalytic activity and durability for CO2 reduction. ZIF-67 is doped with dicyandiamide (DCD), the intermediate link with the trace Ru cocatalyst (0.0127 wt. %). The underlying reduction mechanism was unraveled by the joint experiment-theory study. The strong orbital coupling of ZIF-67-DCD-Ru series structure leads to strong CO2 adsorption, electron enrichment on cocatalyst, and minimum Gibbs free energy barrier of CO generation. The synthesized ZIF-67/DCD/Ru sample exhibits excellent CO2 photoreduction performance with a CO generation rate of 1495 mmol gRu−1 h−1 and achieves a record turnover frequency (TOF) of 151 h−1, representing top-level photocatalytic activity among all reported ZIFs-based photocatalysts. For the first time, our work points out a novel way to achieve high activity of ultralow noble metal loading photocatalyst and provides an in-depth understanding of the advances of the series structure. 

Highly efficient CO2 photoreduction by ultralow-Ru-Loading ZIF-67

In this study, an aerospace thermosetting composite was co-curing joined by Polyether-ether-ketone (PEEK) and Polyethylenimine (PEI) films, with an aim of developing advanced composite joints. The semi-crystalline PEEK films were surface activated upon a UV-irradiation technique to obtain a strong film–composite interface, while the amorphous PEI films could be directly used. The fracture behaviour of the composite joints was evaluated and compared with benchmark aerospace adhesive joints. The experimental results proved remarkable mode-I and mode-II fracture resistance of the PEEK co-cured joints at 22 °C and 130 °C, while the PEI co-cured joints exhibited excellent mode-I fracture resistance at 22 °C and mode-II fracture resistance in both testing temperature cases. Extensive elongation, tearing and fracture of the PEEK/PEI plastics were proved to be the main mechanisms for toughness enhancement. Overall, this work had successfully demonstrated the effectiveness of developing advanced composite joints via a co-curing process using high-performance thermoplastic films. 

On the application of strong thermoplastic–thermoset interactions for developing advanced aerospace-composite joints

Organic–inorganic tin (Sn)‐based halide perovskites have attracted special attention due to their outstanding photophysical properties and eco‐friendly nature. However, the instability of Sn‐based perovskites is still a pressing issue that needs to be addressed. Here, a new lead‐free hybrid Sn(IV) bromide hybrid (4‐APEA)2SnBr6 (4‐APEA: 2‐(4‐aminophenyl)ethylammonium) is synthesized with remarkable stability. This compound has strong electron–phonon coupling, resulting in excitons self‐trapping and broadband yellow emission with a photoluminescence peak at 566 nm. The bare (4‐APEA)2SnBr6 shows impressive emission stability in the air; maintains 90% of photoluminescence quantum yield under ultraviolet light irradiation over 2000 h (T90 > 2000 h), representing the most stable halide hybrids. The excellent stability is profit from the stable valence state and few defect state densities. The findings show the promising prospect of environment‐friendly organic–inorganic halide perovskites and their usage in optoelectronic applications.

An Organic–Inorganic Tin Halide Perovskite with Over 2000‐Hour Emission Stability

Abstract Graphitic carbon nitride (g‐C 3 N 4 ), as a non‐metallic two‐dimensional semiconductor material, has the advantages of low‐cost, simple synthesis, excellent chemical and thermal stability, etc. Due to its unique electronic band structure, g‐C 3 N 4 exhibits attractive optoelectronic physical properties. In recent years, it has gained significant attention as a photocatalyst with advanced performance. While most of the current research focuses on the field of photo‐electrocatalysis, the material's fascinating optoelectronic physical properties hold great potential in the field of optoelectronic applications. This review highlights the research on the atom‐ and molecule‐modified g‐C 3 N 4 ’s optoelectronics properties and its application in optoelectronics applications, such as light‐emitting diodes, photovoltaics, and photodetectors, with the aim of attracting more attention from researchers. 

Graphitic Carbon Nitride Emitter: From Structural Modification to Optoelectronics Applications

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