The rhizosphere of plant species is an inimitable ecosystem that harbors an extensive range of microbes. Research in the wide areas of rhizosphere biotechnology highlighting new bioinoculants has received ample attention during recent past, and suitable expertises have been developed. However, the global recognition of such technologies by farmers is still overwhelmed with doubts owing to limited shelf-life and efficiency of the products which demonstrate discrepancies. This review illustrates plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria with detailed emphasis on nutrient acquisition and potential roles in conferring tolerance against abiotic stresses. The review demonstrates the recent research in the field of genomic and proteomic analysis, where systematic characterization of potentially effective rhizobacteria is being carried out by screening the extensive bacterial gene pool based on modern molecular tools. The review concludes by emphasizing the efforts made in the proteomics field which could compensate for understanding of prompt evolution in microbe-derived and plant-derived protein and metabolite substitute that activates vulnerability or resistance.

Current Perspectives on Plant Growth-Promoting Rhizobacteria

To date, soil salinity becomes a huge obstacle for food production worldwide since salt stress is one of the major factors limiting agricultural productivity. It is estimated that a significant loss of crops (20–50%) would be due to drought and salinity. To embark upon this harsh situation, numerous strategies such as plant breeding, plant genetic engineering, and a large variety of agricultural practices including the applications of plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) and seed biopriming technique have been developed to improve plant defense system against salt stress, resulting in higher crop yields to meet human’s increasing food demand in the future. In the present review, we update and discuss the advantageous roles of beneficial PGPR as green bioinoculants in mitigating the burden of high saline conditions on morphological parameters and on physio-biochemical attributes of plant crops via diverse mechanisms. In addition, the applications of PGPR as a useful tool in seed biopriming technique are also updated and discussed since this approach exhibits promising potentials in improving seed vigor, rapid seed germination, and seedling growth uniformity. Furthermore, the controversial findings regarding the fluctuation of antioxidants and osmolytes in PGPR-treated plants are also pointed out and discussed.

https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/22/6/3154/pdf

Roles of Plant Growth-Promoting Rhizobacteria (PGPR) in Stimulating Salinity Stress Defense in Plants: A Review.

Gluconacetobacter diazotrophicus is a very well-known and well-studied member of family Acetobacteraceae. Strains of this species have been isolated from all over the world. On the other side, only two strains of Gluconacetobacter azotocaptans have been isolated, i.e., one from coffee plant in Mexico (type strain) and another from corn plant in Canada; therefore, not much information is available about it. This chapter is an effort to bring this species in the limelight and show its significance as plant growth promoter. Authors have not only isolated the strain DS1, they have also evaluated its plant growth-promoting potential in four varieties of corn, radish, cucumber, tomato, pepper, and potato, under greenhouse, field, and tissue culture conditions, and data is presented  in this chapter. Inoculation effect of DS1 was compared with G. diazotrophicus PAL5, its nif mutant, and strains of other genera including Pseudomonas, Azospirillum, Enterobacter, Burkholderia, and Sphingobacterium. Work on wheat was done by another group in Canada, and their data has also been added. It is a nitrogenfixing, indole acetic acid-producing strain with phosphate solubilization ability. It has promoted the plant growth in most cases. Its growth-promoting effect varied in tissue culture medium depending on sucrose concentration as it is linked with IAA and ethylene production. Based on data presented here, authors are recommending its use as a biofertilizer.

Rhizotrophs: Plant Growth Promotion to Bioremediation

Agriculture is the best foundation for human livelihoods, and, in this respect, crop production has been forced to adopt sustainable farming practices. However, soil salinity severely affects crop growth, the degradation of soil quality, and fertility in many countries of the world. This results in the loss of profitability, the growth of agricultural yields, and the step-by-step decline of the soil nutrient content. Thus, researchers have focused on searching for halotolerant and plant growth-promoting bacteria (PGPB) to increase soil fertility and productivity. The beneficial bacteria are frequently connected with the plant rhizosphere and can alleviate plant growth under salinity stress through direct or indirect mechanisms. In this context, PGPB have attained a unique position. The responses include an increased rate of photosynthesis, high production of antioxidants, osmolyte accumulation, decreased Na+ ions, maintenance of the water balance, a high germination rate, and well-developed root and shoot elongation under salt-stress conditions. Therefore, the use of PGPB as bioformulations under salinity stress has been an emerging research avenue for the last few years, and applications of biopesticides and biofertilizers are being considered as alternative tools for sustainable agriculture, as they are ecofriendly and minimize all kinds of stresses. Halotolerant PGPB possess greater potential for use in salinity-affected soil as sustainable bioinoculants and for the bioremediation of salt-affected soil. 

/pdf/halotolerant-rhizobacteria-for-salinity-stress-mitigation-39m6b60i.pdf

Halotolerant Rhizobacteria for Salinity-Stress Mitigation: Diversity, Mechanisms and Molecular Approaches

Pseudomonas putida is increasingly attracting attention as a bacterial host of reference both for basic and applied research. Over the years, this Gram-negative soil bacterium has been considered a potential agent for environmental bioremediation of industrial wastes and xenobiotic compounds and also a promising colonizer of the rhizosphere. However, the potential biotechnological applications of P. putida were enormously multiplied by the advent of contemporary synthetic biology which, together with the wealth of information provided by systems-level analysis of its genome, transcriptome, proteome, metabolome, and fl uxome, enabled the implementation of targeted metabolic engineering approaches. This chapter summarizes the main discoveries within this context that mediated the transition of P. putida from its humble origin in the soil to modern biotechnology setups, where it excels in a number of practical applications for which other traditional microbial cell factories cannot be used (e.g., in hosting harsh oxidative reactions for the production of valuable chemicals).

Microbial Models: From Environmental to Industrial Sustainability

Paenibacillus polymyxa is an important member of the plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria. P. polymyxa YC0136 inoculation had beneficial effect on growth promotion and biological control of tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) under field conditions. This study aimed to reveal the growth-promoting mechanisms of strain YC0136. In growth-promotion assays, tobacco plant height was increased by 8.42% and 8.25% at 60 and 90 days, respectively, after inoculation with strain YC0136. Strain YC0136 also promoted the accumulation of tobacco biomass in varying degrees. Following inoculation with strain YC0136, 3,525 and 4,368 tobacco genes were up-regulated and down-regulated, respectively. Strain YC0136 induced the expression of plant hormone-related genes in tobacco, including auxin, cytokinin, and gibberellin, as well as transcription factors related to stress resistance such as WRKY and MYB. In addition, strain YC0136 induced the up-regulation of genes in the phenylpropanoid biosynthesis pathway by 1.51-4.59 times. Interaction with tobacco also induced gene expression changes in strain YC0136, with 286 and 223 genes up-regulated and down-regulated, respectively. Tobacco interaction induced up-regulation of the ilvB gene related to auxin biosynthesis in strain YC0136 by 1.72 times and induced expression of some nutrient transport genes. This study contributes to our understanding of the growth-promoting mechanisms of strain YC0136 on tobacco and provides a theoretical basis for the application of P. polymyxa YC0136 as a biological fertilizer.

Transcriptome Profiles Reveal the Growth-Promoting Mechanisms of Paenibacillus polymyxa YC0136 on Tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.).

Brevibacillus brevis DZQ7 is a plant growth-promoting rhizobacterium (PGPR) isolated from tobacco rhizosphere. Here, we report the draft genome sequence of B. brevis DZQ7. Several functional genes related to antimicrobial activity were identified in the genome.

Draft Genome Sequence of Brevibacillus brevis DZQ7, a Plant Growth-Promoting Rhizobacterium with Broad-Spectrum Antimicrobial Activity

Delftia tsuruhatensis MTQ3 is a plant growth-promoting rhizobacterium (PGPR) isolated from tobacco rhizosphere. Here, we report the draft genome sequence of D. tsuruhatensis MTQ3. Several functional genes related to antimicrobial activity and environment adaption have been found in the genome. This is the first genome sequence of D. tsuruhatensis related to PGPR.

https://journals.asm.org/doi/pdf/10.1128/genomeA.00822-15

Draft Genome Sequence of Delftia tsuruhatensis MTQ3, a Strain of Plant Growth-Promoting Rhizobacterium with Antimicrobial Activity.

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Transcriptome Profiles Reveal the Growth-Promoting Mechanisms of Paenibacillus polymyxa YC0136 on Tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.).

Draft Genome Sequence of Brevibacillus brevis DZQ7, a Plant Growth-Promoting Rhizobacterium with Broad-Spectrum Antimicrobial Activity

Draft Genome Sequence of Delftia tsuruhatensis MTQ3, a Strain of Plant Growth-Promoting Rhizobacterium with Antimicrobial Activity.