Dwarfing is an important agricultural trait for intensive cultivation and effective orchard management in modern fruit orchards. Commercial citrus production relies on grafting with rootstocks that reduce tree vigor to control plant height. Citrus growers all over the world have been attracted to dwarfing trees because of their potential for higher planting density, increased productivity, easy harvest, pruning, and efficient spraying. Dwarfing rootstocks can be used to achieve high density. As a result, the use and development of dwarfing rootstocks are important. Breeding programs in several countries have led to the production of citrus dwarf rootstocks. For example, the dwarfing rootstocks ‘Flying Dragon’, ‘FA 517’, ‘HTR-051’, ‘US-897’, and ‘Red tangerine’ cultivated in various regions allow the design of dense orchards. Additionally, dwarf or short-stature trees were obtained using interstocks, citrus dwarfing viroid (CDVd) and various chemical applications. This review summarizes what is known about dwarf citrus rootstocks and the mechanisms underlying rootstock–scion interactions. Despite advances in recent decades, many questions regarding rootstock-induced scion development remain unanswered. Citrus rootstocks with dwarfing potential have been investigated regarding physiological aspects, hormonal communication, mineral uptake capacity, and horticultural performance. This study lays the foundation for future research into the genetic and molecular mechanisms underlying citrus dwarfing.

/pdf/a-mini-review-of-citrus-rootstocks-and-their-role-in-high-rcc3eolk.pdf

A Mini Review of Citrus Rootstocks and Their Role in High-Density Orchards

A systematic review on endophytic fungi and its role in the commercial applications

Effect of different dwarfing interstocks on the vegetative growth and nitrogen utilization efficiency of apple trees under low-nitrate and drought stress

Apples are a major horticultural crop worldwide. Grafting techniques are widely utilized in apple production to keep the varieties pure. Interstocks are frequently used in Northern China to achieve intensive apple dwarfing cultivation. High-throughput sequencing was used to investigate differentially expressed genes in the phloem tissues of two different xenograft systems, M (‘Gala’/‘Mac 9’/Malus baccata (L.) Borkh.) and B (‘Gala’/Malus baccata (L.) Borkh.). The results showed that dwarfing interstocks could significantly reduce the height and diameters of apple trees while have few effects on the growth of annual branches. The interstocks were found to regulate the expression of genes related to hormone metabolism and tree body control (GH3.9, PIN1, CKI1, ARP1, GA2ox1 and GA20ox1), these effects may attribute the dwarf characters for apple trees with interstocks. Besides, the interstocks reduce photosynthesis-related genes (MADH-ME4 and GAPC), promote carbon (C) metabolism gene expression (AATP1, GDH and PFK3), promote the expression of nitrogen (N)-metabolism-related genes (NRT2.7, NADH and GDH) in rootstocks, and improve the expression of genes related to secondary metabolism in scions (DX5, FPS1, TPS21 and SRG1). We also concluded that the interstocks acquired early blooming traits due to promotion of the expression of flowering genes in the scion (MOF1, FTIP7, AGL12 and AGL24). This study is a valuable resource regarding the molecular mechanisms of dwarf interstocks’ influence on various biological processes and transplantation systems in both scions and rootstocks.

https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/24/1/807/pdf?version=1672673079

Transcriptome Analysis of the Effects of Grafting Interstocks on Apple Rootstocks and Scions

This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of some citrus varieties used as interstocks on the initial growth characteristics of the primary shoot of the Persian lime cv. ‘Tahiti’ (Citrus x latifolia Tanaka ex Q. Jimenez) and its relationship with stem characteristics. ‘Flying Dragon’ trifoliate (Poncirus trifoliata var. ‘Monstruosa’), ‘Rubidoux’ trifoliate (P. trifoliata var. ‘Rubidoux’) and ‘Tahiti’ lime were used as interstocks; and as rootstocks were used the ‘Agrio’ orange (C. aurantium L.) and ‘Volkamer’ lemon (C. volkameriana Tenn. & Pasq.). The treatment design was a 2 x 4 factorial. Seven variables of initial growth and six of the stem were measured and correlated with each other. ‘Agrio’ with interstock significantly affected the length, growth velocity, diameter and length of internodes of the primary shoot in 18, 22, 12 and 14 % lower with respect to ‘Volkamer’ with interstock. Rubidoux’ over ‘Volkamer’ had the highest values in six growth variables, but combined with ‘Agrio’ induced dwarfing characteristics in the primary shoot of ‘Tahiti’ lime. The diameters of the steam of both rootstocks were affected by the interstock. ‘Rubidoux’ increased the diameter of ‘Volkamer’ but not that of Agrio. On the other hand, the ‘Dragon Flying’ interstock presented bigger diameter than the rootstock where it was established. We found low correlations (-0.222 to 0.502) of the diameter of the rootstock, the diameter of the interstock, the thickness of the cortex of the rootstock and the thickness of the cortex of the interstock with all the growth variables of the primary shoot of ‘Tahiti’ lime.

Efecto del interinjerto en el crecimiento inicial de lima Persa ‘Tahiti’ (Citrus x latifolia Tanaka ex Q. Jiménez)

To obtain the compatibility of interstocks crossing with 'Yuanxiaochun', we performed a comparative analysis with five interstocks. From the 60th to 240th day after grafting, there was a significant difference between different treatments. All the new shoot/interstock diameter ratios were <1, indicating that there was no obvious phenomenon of small feet in 'Yuanxiaochun' seedlings of five kinds of interstocks. The density of 'Yuanxiaochun' was significantly different. Chl a, Chl b, T-Chl content of 'Shiranuhi', 'Harumi', 'Tarocco' changed greatly from the 90th to 120th day after grafting. The intercellular CO2 concentration (Ci) of 'Shiranuhi' was significantly higher than the other interstocks. In addition, when 'Yuanxiaochun' was grafted onto 'Shiranuhi', net photosynthetic rate (Pn), stomatal conductance (gs) and tanspiration rate (Tr) were higher. When 'Harumi' were used as the interstocks of 'Yuanxiaochun', the light saturation point (LSP) value was larger, which was conducive to the utilisation of strong light. Moreover, the value of LSP-LCP (LCP, light compensation point) of 'Harumi' and 'Tarocco' were significantly higher than the other three interstocks. The apparent quantum efficiency (AQE), RuBP maximum regeneration rate (Jmax) and maximum carboxylation efficiency of Rubisco (Vcmax) value of 'Shiranuhi' was significantly lower than that of 'Ponkan'. The CO2 compensation point (CCP) of 'Harumi' interstock was lower, but the CO2 saturation point (CSP) of 'Tarocco' interstock was higher than those of other interstocks respectively. There was a small difference in initial fluorescence (F0) of different interstocks. The maximal photochemical efficiency of PSII in the dark (Fv/Fm) of 'Kumquat' was the lowest. In addition, Both Y(II) and ETR values of the 'Yuanxiaochun' leaves of 'Ponkan' interstock was the largest one. However, the non-photochemical quenching (qN) of 'Ponkan' was significantly lower, and that of 'Tarocco' interstock was the highest one. Interstocks have different effect on the growth and development, photosynthetic characteristics related to physiological characteristics of 'Yuanxiaochun' trees. 'Ponkan' and 'Kumquat' as the interstock of 'Yuanxiaochun' was more conducive to the rapid accumulation of photosynthetic products for normal vegetative and reproductive growth of plants.

Effects of interstocks on growth and photosynthetic characteristics in 'Yuanxiaochun' Citrus seedlings.

Study on the Adaptability of ‘Huangguogan’ in Jiangyou, Sichuan Province

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Effects of interstocks on growth and photosynthetic characteristics in 'Yuanxiaochun' Citrus seedlings.

Study on the Adaptability of ‘Huangguogan’ in Jiangyou, Sichuan Province