Cotton is an important industrial crop and a pioneer crop for saline-alkali land restoration. However, the molecular mechanism underlying the cotton response to salt is not completely understood.Here, we used metabolome data and transcriptome data to analyze the salt tolerance regulatory network of cotton and metabolic biomarkers.In this study, cotton was stressed at 400 m M NaCl for 0 h, 3 h, 24 h and 48 h. NaCl interfered with cotton gene expression, altered metabolite contents and affected plant growth. Metabolome analysis showed that NaCl stress increased the contents of amino acids, sugars and ABA, decreased the amount of vitamin and terpenoids. K-means cluster analysis of differentially expressed genes showed that the continuously up-regulated genes were mainly enriched in metabolic pathways such as flavonoid biosynthesis and amino acid biosynthesis.The four metabolites of cysteine (Cys), ABA(Abscisic acid), turanose, and isopentenyladenine-7-N-glucoside (IP7G) were consistently up-regulated under salt stress, which may indicate that they are potential candidates for cotton under salt stress biomarkers. Combined transcriptome and metabolome analysis revealed accumulation of cysteine, ABA, isopentenyladenine-7-N-glucoside and turanose were important for salt tolerance in cotton mechanism. These results will provide some metabolic insights and key metabolite biomarkers for salt stress tolerance, which may help to understanding of the metabolite response to salt stress in cotton and develop a foundation for cotton to grow better in saline soil. 

/pdf/combined-transcriptomic-and-metabolomic-analyses-elucidate-28ubgr6g.pdf

Combined transcriptomic and metabolomic analyses elucidate key salt-responsive biomarkers to regulate salt tolerance in cotton

Chitin is composed of N-acetylglucosamine units. Chitin a polysaccharide found in the cell walls of fungi and exoskeletons of insects and crustaceans, can elicit a potent defense response in plants. Through the activation of defense genes, stimulation of defensive compound production, and reinforcement of physical barriers, chitin enhances the plant's ability to defend against pathogens. Chitin-based treatments have shown efficacy against various plant diseases caused by fungal, bacterial, viral, and nematode pathogens, and have been integrated into sustainable agricultural practices. Furthermore, chitin treatments have demonstrated additional benefits, such as promoting plant growth and improving tolerance to abiotic stresses. Further research is necessary to optimize treatment parameters, explore chitin derivatives, and conduct long-term field studies. Continued efforts in these areas will contribute to the development of innovative and sustainable strategies for disease management in agriculture, ultimately leading to improved crop productivity and reduced reliance on chemical pesticides. 

Chitin-induced disease resistance in plants: A review.

Penicillium expansum (P. expansum) is a harmful pathogenic mold responsible for huge postharvest losses in apples. Epsilon‐poly‐L‐lysine (ε-PL) is a non-toxic antiseptic peptide derived from Streptomyces albulus. Many food preservative strategies use ε-PL to suppress foodborne pathogens in condiments, cakes, fruit and vegetable juices. In the present research, ε-PL’s inhibitory effects against P. expansum in vitro and in apples were investigated. The molecular mechanisms of ε-PL inhibiting P. expansum in apples were investigated by transcriptome analysis. Results showed that doses of 600 mg L−1 of ε-PL could prevent the development of P. expansum in vitro and control blue mold decay in apples. Plausible mechanisms of ε-PL against P. expansum in apples include: (i) reduction of antioxidant potential, including decreasing the expression of genes encoding superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione s-transferase (GST), xanthine dehydrogenase (XDH), D-amino-acid oxidase (DAO), weakening ROS scavenging ability of P. expansum cells and causing oxidative damage to cell, (ii) weakening its virulence towards apples, including reducing the expression of genes coding for cell wall degrading enzymes (CWDEs) such as pectinase and cellulase, (iii) disrupting mitochondrial function of P. expansum, including reducing expression of several rate-limiting enzyme coding genes of energy metabolic pathways such as EMP, TCA cycle and oxidative phosphorylation, which interfered with the cells’ energy metabolism, leading to insufficient ATP synthesis, weakening P. expansum’s resistance to external stress, and finally slowing down the invasion process into apples, (ⅳ) damaging the membrane integrity of P. expansum, including reducing the expression of genes encoding diaphragm wall degradation enzymes, cytomembrane lipid and ergosterol synthetase, multi-drug transporter, and inhibiting the differentiation of conidia. 

Transcriptome analysis provides insights into potential mechanisms of epsilon-poly-L-lysine inhibiting Penicillium expansum invading apples

Anthocyanin is the main component of pigment in red-fleshed kiwifruit. ‘Jinhongguan’ is a new cultivar of Actinidia arguta with red peel and flesh after harvest. However, the specific types of anthocyanin in the ‘Jinhongguan’ fruit and its biosynthesis pathways remain largely unknown. Here, the total anthocyanin content in the fruit color conversion process was determined. The results showed that total anthocyanin content increased with the deepening color of the peel and flesh. To identify the genes related to anthocyanin biosynthesis and the types of anthocyanins in the ‘Jinhongguan’ fruit, a combined analysis of transcriptome and anthocyanin-targeted metabolome was carried out. A total of 5751 common differentially expressed genes (DEGs) at different stages of peel and flesh were identified, of which 2767 were common up-DEGs and 2976 were common down-DEGs. KEGG and GO enrichment analyses showed that the common up-DEGs were significantly enriched in anthocyanin synthesis-related pathways, suggesting some up-DEGs are involved in anthocyanin biosynthesis. In total, 29 metabolites were detected in the flesh by anthocyanin-targeted metabolome. Among these, nine were differential accumulation metabolites (DAMs) in comparison to red flesh vs green flesh. Six DAMs were up-regulated, with five of them were cyanidins. The content of cyanidin-3-O-galactoside was much higher than that of other DAMs, making it the main pigment in ‘Jinhongguan’. Moreover, a total of 36 anthocyanin synthesis-related structural genes, 27 MYB transcription factors (TFs), 37 bHLH TFs and 9 WDR TFs were screened from the common DEGs. Correlation analysis of transcriptome and metabolome revealed that 9 structural genes, 6 MYB TFs, 6 bHLH TFs and 1 WDR TF were significantly associated with cyanidin-3-O-galactoside. Further, qRT-PCR analysis demonstrated that structural genes (AaPAL3, Aa4CL3, AaCHS2/3/8/9/11, AaDFR1/2, AaANR1, UFGT3a and UFGT6b) and TFs (MYB108, bHLH30, bHLH94-1 and WD43) play important roles in cyanidin biosynthesis. Overall, this study identified cyanidin-3-O-galactoside as the main anthocyanin type and revealed key candidate genes of red coloration of post-harvest fruit in Actinidia arguta. These findings provided new insights into the color formation mechanism of post-harvest fruit and offered a theoretical basis for color regulation in kiwifruit.

Transcriptome and metabolome analyses of anthocyanin biosynthesis in post-harvest fruits of a full red-type kiwifruit (Actinidia arguta) ‘Jinhongguan’

Antifungal and antivirulence effects of Citrus sinensis essential oil on Alternaria pathogens in orange

The Botrytis bunch mold, Botrytis cinerea pathogen is a necrotrophic ascomycete that infects hundreds of plant species, including hazelnut. B. cinerea produces toxins that induce cell wall degrading enzymes. In the current research work, we used eight hazelnut varieties and recorded their resistance levels in response to B. cinerea infection. Results showed that different varieties respond differently to B. cinerea infection. Disease index analysis revealed the resistance level of eight hazelnut varieties in the order of DW > OZ > L3 > PZ > XD1 > YZ > L1 > QX. Moreover, cell membrane permeability as well as the activities of cell wall degrading enzymes were measured. The increased level of cell wall degrading enzymes facilitates the fungal pathogens’ ability to colonize plants and cause infection. According to the results obtained through enzyme analysis, the hazelnut varieties L1 and QX, which were proved to be highly susceptible against B. cinerea, had the highest cell wall degrading enzyme production. DW and OZ, which were revealed to be resistant varieties through disease index data, also showed relatively lower activity of degrading enzymes as compared to other varieties. Our comparison analysis between the disease index and enzyme production confirms that disease occurrence and plant susceptibility strongly depend upon cell wall permeability. Our enzyme activity results validated the resistance order revealed by disease index assessment results (DW > OZ > L3 > PZ > XD1 > YZ > L1 > QX), and varieties DW and OZ were found to be the most resistant, while QX and L1 were found to be the most susceptible varieties against B. cinerea infection. Our study lays the foundation to further explore other factors involved in grey mold resistance in hazelnut.

/pdf/importance-of-cell-wall-permeability-and-cell-wall-degrading-2w0vz4ob.pdf

Importance of Cell Wall Permeability and Cell Wall Degrading Enzymes during Infection of Botrytis cinerea in Hazelnut

Actinidia arguta Sieb.Zucc. is a fruit that is rich in flavonoids. Nevertheless, details of flavonoid formation and the potential mechanism behind flavonoid biosynthesis have not previously been reported. In order to explore the biosynthetic regulation mechanism of flavonoids in A. arguta Sieb.Zucc., we conducted a combination of extensive targeted metabolite analysis and analyzed transcriptomes to determine the flavonoids present and the genes bound up with flavonoid biosynthesis in the two main cultivated varieties of A. arguta Sieb.Zucc. in Northern China. The maturity period is from August to September. A total of 118 flavonoids were found in fruits. Among them, 39 flavonoids were accumulated at significant levels after fruit ripening. Transcriptome analysis indicated that most flavonoid biosynthesis structural genes and certain regulatory genes exhibited differential expression between the two varieties. Correlation analysis of transcriptome and metabolite profiles showed that the ways of expression of 21 differentially expressed genes related to structure and regulation between the 2 varieties were more highly correlated with 7 flavonoids after fruit ripening. These results contribute to the development of A. arguta Sieb.Zucc. as a food and drug homologous functional food.

https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpls.2022.911203/pdf

Metabolomic and Transcriptomic Analysis of Flavonoid Biosynthesis in Two Main Cultivars of Actinidia arguta Sieb.Zucc. Grown in Northern China

Jung Sun Lee Seoul Veterans Hospital Byeongzu Ghang Jeju National University School of Medicine Wonho Choi University of Ulsan College of Medicine Seokchan Hong University of Ulsan College of Medicine Yong-Gil Kim University of Ulsan College of Medicine Chang-Keun Lee University of Ulsan College of Medicine Soo Jeong Nam University of Ulsan College of Medicine Bin Yoo (  byoo@amc.seoul.kr ) University of Ulsan College of Medicine

Expression of In ammatory Markers In The Muscles of Patients With Idiopathic In ammatory Myopathy According To The Presence of Interstitial Lung Disease

Hazelnut husk brown rot has been identified as a new disease in Liaoning Province in recent years. The objective of this study as to identify the pathogen. [Method] In this study, a standard sample of hazelnut husk brown rot was collected from Songmudao Base in Dalian City, Liaoning Province. The pathogen was identified by the studies of the morphology, pathogenicity, and analyses of ITS and LSU sequences. The pathogen was isolated and purified, which was confirmed by Koch’s postulates. The symptoms after inoculation were the same as those collected directly from a diseased tree, which showed that it was the pathogenic fungus. The cultural characteristics and conidia and the morphology of the pathogenic fungi were similar to those of Botrytis cinerea’s. The ITS sequences and LSU sequences were compared to the associated strain sequences in GenBank, with 100% identity to Botrytis cinerea (GenBank accession number: MN589848.1) and Botrytis cinerea (GenBank accession number: KU140653.1), respectively. The infection status of the pathogen on the hazelnut husks was also observed. The studies suggested that the pathogen leading to the hazelnut husk brown rot as a new disease in Liaoning Province was Botrytis cinerea. 

Identification of a new Hazelnut disease in Liaoning Province: Hazelnut husk brown rot

Botrytis cinerea, a pathogenic fungus that causes necrosis in plants, is one of the most destructive pathogens of hazelnuts. This fungus is responsible for causing Husk Brown Rot, a significant threat to hazelnut production. The plant’s defense mechanism against this pathogen, as well as other pathogens, is a complex biological process that involves changes at molecular, biochemical, and physiological levels. To better understand the molecular responses of hazelnut plants to B. cinerea infection, we conducted a comparative transcriptome profiling study between a B. cinerea-resistant Ping’ou hybrid hazelnut variety (Dawei; DW) and a susceptible variety (Qiuxiang; QX). Our study focused on the transcriptome profiles of DW and QX plants after three days of B. cinerea infection. The results of our study showed moderate changes in the defense strategies of both DW and QX plants in response to B. cinerea infection. Specifically, we observed that the expression of 14 disease-resistant genes was significantly different between DW and QX. Our comparative analysis revealed that DW had a higher number and expression of immunity-related differentially expressed genes compared to QX, which indicates that these genes play a crucial role in inducing innate resistance in DW plants against B. cinerea infection. This study highlights that plant resistance to pathogens like B. cinerea is a complex process that is controlled by multiple genes and biological pathways, each playing a specific role. Our findings provide new insights into the development of hazelnut varieties that are resistant to B. cinerea infection. By using the candidate genes identified in this study, it may be possible to enhance the resistance of hazelnut plants to B. cinerea and reduce the impact of Husk Brown Rot on hazelnut production.

https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4907/14/3/493/pdf?version=1677742567

Comparative Transcriptomic Analysis Reveals the Molecular Responses in Two Contrasting Hazelnut Varieties against Botrytis cinerea Infection

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