Promoting the bifunctional oxygen catalytic activity of the perovskite and Co3O4 heterostructure by introducing oxygen vacancies

Nondestructive and quick differentiation between loupe-clean low-alkali natural and hydrothermal synthetic aquamarines: constraints of infrared spectroscopy

Oxygen vacancy is an inherent defect of aquamarine crystals. The concentration and properties of this defect have an essential influence on aquamarine crystals and optical properties. This paper reports that blue in aquamarine crystals is due to the interaction between Fe2+ and oxygen vacancy. Infrared and Raman spectra showed that more Fe2+ replaced Al3+ in dark sample A than in light sample B. Oxygen vacancies were found in all samples. Dark sample A strongly absorbed the 830 nm band associated with Fe2+ in the UV–Vis–NIR absorption spectrum. The band gap of dark sample A was smaller than that of light sample B, and the difference in band gap was related to the concentration of oxygen vacancies. X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy showed that the oxygen vacancy concentration in sample A was higher than that in sample B, which showed that the oxygen vacancy concentration affected the color depth of aquamarines. 

The effect of oxygen vacancies on the color formation of aquamarine

Different jadeites have different characteristics. In this paper, the La-ICP-MS test is used to compare and analyze the elemental characteristics of jadeite in Guatemala and the Qing dynasty. The test results show that the highest value of Guatemalan jadeite Ca can reach 2.5 apfu, while the highest value of Qing dynasty jadeite is 0.73 apfu. The highest value of Na is the same for both. The concentration distribution range and highest value of Guatemalan jadeite and Qing dynasty jadeite Mg/(Mg + Fe) are the same. Guatemalan jadeite and Qing dynasty jadeite have a very wide content of trace elements. Qing dynasty Ca/(Mg + Fe) distribution is wider. Concentrations of Guatemalan and Qing dynasty jadeite Sr/Ba, which is a marine sediment, are greater than 1. The Ba in the Qing dynasty jadeite sediments contains a large amount of clay, resulting in higher levels than the average amount in Guatemalan jadeite Ba. The standard distribution map is similar, showing a “horn” shape. The Sr distribution is uneven. Guatemalan jadeite is heavily enriched in rare earths. Eu shows positive and negative abnormalities. The total rare earth value is 8.15 ppm. Qing Dynasty jadeite shows light rare earth enrichment, and Eu is a positive anomaly. The total rare earth value is 7.07 ppm. The characteristics of the two elements are somewhat similar, but different, which does not rule out the possibility that Qing dynasty jadeite came from Guatemala.

https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/28/7/3119/pdf?version=1680267603

Comparative Analysis of Guatemalan and Qing Dynasty Jadeite Elemental Signs

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The effect of oxygen vacancies on the color formation of aquamarine

Comparative Analysis of Guatemalan and Qing Dynasty Jadeite Elemental Signs