https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1088/1468-6996/16/3/033502

A review on powder-based additive manufacturing for tissue engineering: selective laser sintering and inkjet 3D printing

Current advances and future perspectives of 3D printing natural-derived biopolymers.

Melt processing is routinely used to fabricate medical polymeric devices/implants for clinical reconstruction and can be incorporated into quality systems procedures for medical device manufacture. As additive manufacturing (AM) becomes increasingly used for biomaterials and biofabrication, the translation of new, customizable, medical devices to the clinic becomes paramount. Melt processing is therefore a distinguishable group within AM that provides an avenue to manufacture scaffolds/implants with a clinical end-point. Three key melt processing AM technologies are highlighted in this review: melt micro-extrusion, selective laser sintering and melt electrospinning writing. The in vivo (including clinical) outcomes of medical devices and scaffolds made with these processes are reviewed. Together, they encompass the melt AM of scaffold architectures with feature sizes and resolutions ranging from 800 nm up to 700 μm.

https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1758-5090/aa5766/pdf

Additive manufacturing of polymer melts for implantable medical devices and scaffolds.

https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/14686996.2016.1145532

Three dimensional printed macroporous polylactic acid/hydroxyapatite composite scaffolds for promoting bone formation in a critical-size rat calvarial defect model.

Biodegradable Polymers for Biomedical Additive Manufacturing

In this study, three dimensional (3D) polycaprolactone/bio-derived hydroxyapatite (PCL/BHA) composite scaffolds were fabricated by using a melt-deposition system (MDS) for the applications in bone repair. PCL/BHA composites with BHA contents of 0, 10, 20, and 40% were successfully processed into 3D scaffolds by using MDS, while it was failed to fabricate PCL/BHA scaffold with BHA content of 60%. The scaffolds produced were demonstrated to possess the same structures as the predefined with highly uniform and completely interconnected pores. The compressive modulus and strength of the PCL/BHA scaffold increased from 27 to 56 MPa and from 1.9 to 4.5 MPa, respectively, as BHA content increased from 0 to 40%. The wettability of PCL/BHA composite scaffold was also improved with the increase of BHA content. Moreover, the PCL/BHA scaffolds fabricated by MDS showed satisfactory biocompatibility and were capable of being integrated with the surrounding host bone. This study shows the feasibility of fabricating 3D P...

Three dimensional melt-deposition of polycaprolactone/bio-derived hydroxyapatite composite into scaffold for bone repair.

A new mini-deposition system (MDS) was developed to fabricate scaffolds with interconnected pore structures and anatomical geometry for bone tissue engineering. Polycaprolactone/hydroxyapatite (PCL/HA) composites with varying hydroxyapatite (HA) content were adopted to manufacture scaffolds by using MDS with a porosity of 54.6%, a pore size of 716 μm in the x-y plane, and 116 μm in the z direction. The water uptake ratio and compressive modulus of PCL/HA composite scaffold increase from 8 to 39% and from 26.5 to 49.8 MPa, respectively, as the HA content increases from 0 to 40%. PCL/HA composite scaffolds have better wettability and mechanical properties than pure PCL scaffold. A PCL/HA composite scaffold for mandible bone repair was successfully fabricated with both interconnected pore structures and anatomical shape to demonstrate the versatility of MDS. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 2012. © 2012 Society of Plastics Engineers

Morphology, wettability, and mechanical properties of polycaprolactone/hydroxyapatite composite scaffolds with interconnected pore structures fabricated by a mini‐deposition system

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Three dimensional melt-deposition of polycaprolactone/bio-derived hydroxyapatite composite into scaffold for bone repair.

Morphology, wettability, and mechanical properties of polycaprolactone/hydroxyapatite composite scaffolds with interconnected pore structures fabricated by a mini‐deposition system