An electron acceptor and a donor of perylene diimide dyes (4a, 4b) were synthesized in an effective way. And the π–π interactions between perylene diimide dyes were discussed in solution and in solid state. The existence of weak π–π interactions in 4a, 4b and their mixture was confirmed with UV/vis and fluorescence spectra in dilute solution. Furthermore, the 1H-NMR studies displayed strong π–π interactions in concentrated solution. The packing behavior in solid state was discussed with solid state fluorescence, confocal fluorescence micrograph, scanning electron microscopy and powder X-ray diffraction, indicating stronger intermolecular interactions of 4a–4b than that of 4a–4a or 4b–4b.

Perylene Diimide Dyes Aggregates: Optical Properties and Packing Behavior in Solution and Solid State

Stomata are crucial structures in plants that play a primary role in the infection process during a pathogen’s attack, as they act as points of access for invading pathogens to enter host tissues. Recent evidence has revealed that stomata are integral to the plant defense system and can actively impede invading pathogens by triggering plant defense responses. Stomata interact with diverse pathogen virulence factors, granting them the capacity to influence plant susceptibility and resistance. Moreover, recent studies focusing on the environmental and microbial regulation of stomatal closure and opening have shed light on the epidemiology of bacterial diseases in plants. Bacteria and fungi can induce stomatal closure using pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs), effectively preventing entry through these openings and positioning stomata as a critical component of the plant’s innate immune system; however, despite this defense mechanism, some microorganisms have evolved strategies to overcome stomatal protection. Interestingly, recent research supports the hypothesis that stomatal closure caused by PAMPs may function as a more robust barrier against pathogen infection than previously believed. On the other hand, plant stomatal closure is also regulated by factors such as abscisic acid and Ca2+-permeable channels, which will also be discussed in this review. Therefore, this review aims to discuss various roles of stomata during biotic and abiotic stress, such as insects and water stress, and with specific context to pathogens and their strategies for evading stomatal defense, subverting plant resistance, and overcoming challenges faced by infectious propagules. These pathogens must navigate specific plant tissues and counteract various constitutive and inducible resistance mechanisms, making the role of stomata in plant defense an essential area of study.

Plant Stomata: An Unrealized Possibility in Plant Defense against Invading Pathogens and Stress Tolerance

Microplastics (MPs) can pose high risk to living organisms due to their very small sizes. This study selected polyvinyl chloride MPs (PVC-MPs) which experienced up to 1000 h UV light radiation to investigate the influence of PVC-MPs on Brassica rapa growth. The outcomes showed the presence of PVC-MPs inhibited the plants' growth. The stem length, root length, fresh weight and dry weight of plants exposed to PVC-MPs after 30 days reduced by 45.9%, 35.2%, 26.1% and 5.2%, respectively. The chlorophyll, soluble sugar, malondialdehyde (MDA) and catalase (CAT) concentrations for plants exposed to PVC-MPs after 30 days increased by 25.9%, 135.7%, 88.7% and 47.1% respectively. It was also observed that PVC-MPs blocked the plants' leaf stomata and even entered plants' bodies. This might lead to PVC-MPs movement within the plants and influence plants' growth. The transcriptomic analysis results indicated that exposure to PVC-MPs up-regulated metabolic pathway of plant hormone signal transduction of the plants and down-regulated pathway network of ribosome. However, the research outcomes also showed that the PVC-MPs’ locations in soil (located at the upper layers or at lower layers) and the UV light radiation time did not exert significantly different influences on inhibiting plants' growth. This can be attributed to PVC-MPs’ small sizes and not much decomposition under light radiation. These imply that longer light radiation time and different particle sizes should be included into future research in order to further explore photodegraded MPs’ toxicity effects on plants. 

Toxicity of polyvinyl chloride microplastics on Brassica rapa.

Extracellular niche establishment by plant pathogens.

http://www.rsc.org/suppdata/cc/c1/c1cc13680a/c1cc13680a.pdf

Fullerenol entrapment in calcite microspheres.

Stomata-pathogen interactions: over a century of research.

The conventional foam drainage technology needs to be defoamed, which is not convenient for its popularization and application. In view of this problem, from the point of molecular design, a temperature-responsive surfactant was designed and synthesized. In the synthetic process, polyoxyethylene alkyl ether carboxylic acid, diethanolamine and sodium chloroacetate were used as raw materials. First, polyoxyethylene alkyl ether carboxylic acid reacted with diethanolamine to generate a tertiary amine with hydroxyl catalyzed by sulfoxide chloride, and the intermediate product then reacted with sodium chloroacetate by the quaternary amine reaction to afford the target temperature-responsive surfactant. The foaming agent can achieve conformational transformation in the temperature range of 20 °C to 120 °C, resulting in the structural change of the self-assembly and regulating the stability of the foam, which makes the formed foam burst rapidly at low temperatures and be super-stable at high temperatures. The indoor evaluations show that the foaming height of the foaming agent is basically unchanged at the same temperature after 4 temperature-changing cycles, and the temperature-controlled defoaming rate reaches 90%, indicating that it has the intelligent temperature response switching performance of “high-temperature defoaming, low-temperature defoaming”. Its preparation process is simple, low-cost, and environmentally friendly. It is expected to be popularized and applied in the field of gas fields, expand the application scope of foam drainage technology, reduce the cost of foam drainage, and help the efficient development of gas fields.

/pdf/temperature-sensitive-foaming-agent-developed-for-smart-foam-3efvmkgg.pdf

Temperature-sensitive foaming agent developed for smart foam drainage technology

The core–shell nanospheres fullerenol–TiO2 and C60@2β-CD–TiO2 were fabricated by a layer-by-layer self-assembly procedure seeding with fullerenols and C60@2β-CD respectively, the nanospheres ranging in size from 40 to 80 nm and 10–20 nm in diameter respectively. The presence of fullerenols in the nanostructures was confirmed by XPS and FT-IR spectroscopy, and the XRD patterns prove both the titania shells on fullerenol and C60@2β-CD are rutile and anatase phases.

Size controllable self-assembly of titania nanospheres cored with fullerenol/fullerene

Correction for ‘Temperature-sensitive foaming agent developed for smart foam drainage technology’ by Wenfeng Jia et al., RSC Adv., 2022, 12, 23447–23453. https://doi.org/10.1039/D2RA04034D.

/pdf/correction-temperature-sensitive-foaming-agent-developed-for-bkk0lqat.pdf

Correction: Temperature-sensitive foaming agent developed for smart foam drainage technology

Abnormal thermally stabilized switchable aqueous foams

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