In recent years, domestic and international researchers have been committed to the research of lithium-ion batteries. As the key to further improving the performance of the battery, the quality of the cathode material directly affects the performance indicators of the lithium battery; thus, the cathode material occupies the core position in the lithium-ion battery. LiFePO4 is a relatively excellent material for lithium-ion batteries, which has many advantages of low cost, high capacity, and environmental friendliness. However, as a result of the low conductivity of lithium iron phosphate and the slow diffusion rate of lithium ion, the development of lithium iron phosphate in the power battery industry is restricted. As a power battery applied in real life, there is still a lot of research space in energy density, consistency, and low-temperature performance. After years of efforts, researchers continue to explore the charging and discharging principle of lithium iron phosphate, to optimize the synthesis route, and to try coating, doping modification, and other methods to improve the performance of the material. This paper analyzes and summarizes the defects of lithium iron phosphate cathode materials and modification methods and provides an outlook on the future research direction of lithium iron phosphate. 

Review on Defects and Modification Methods of LiFePO4 Cathode Material for Lithium-Ion Batteries

Rechargeable lithium-ion batteries are dominating the energy storage market with a current market value of $50 billion. However, the exponential production of lithium-ion batteries is accompanied by an increased backflow as environmentally hazardous spent/end-of-life batteries, which need to be recycled efficiently. Herein, we demonstrate the possibility of reuse, recycle, and regeneration of a spent LiFePO₄ (LFP) cathode for rechargeable lithium- and sodium-ion batteries. An approach of reusing the spent-LFP electrode in developing a new lithium-ion battery was initially explored. The refabricated LFP lithium-ion half-cells delivered excellent capacity and rate capability. Further, an unprecedented approach of using a spent-LFP electrode for sodium ion storage was investigated. The adopted low-temperature, rapid (15 min) microwave delithiation process could completely delithiate the LFP electrode, forming FePO₄. This recycled FePO₄ was tested for its sodium ion storage capability. Finally, an aspect of commercially viable, nearly zero-energy chemical lithiation/sodiation of microwave-derived FePO₄ was also explored. Thus, regenerated LiFePO₄ as lithium-ion half-cells exhibited a reversible capacity of 145 mAh/g at a current rate of 1C and 107 mAh/g at 10C and 96% capacity retention at 5C for 300 cycles. Similarly, the chemically sodiated FePO₄ sodium-ion cell demonstrated a capacity close to 138 mAh/g at C/15, which is comparable to freshly prepared NaFePO₄ (NFP) electrode’s performances. Our electrochemical results confirm the potential of these rapid, sustainable, and energy-efficient methods for reutilization, recycling, and regeneration of failed LFP cathodes recovered from 32 650 cells for their proficient usage in both lithium- and sodium-ion storage.

Reuse, Recycle, and Regeneration of LiFePO4 Cathode from Spent Lithium-Ion Batteries for Rechargeable Lithium- and Sodium-Ion Batteries

The strong interaction and confinement effect of Ag@NH2-MIL-88B for improving the conversion and durability of photocatalytic Cr(VI) reduction in the presence of a hole scavenger.

Low-Cost Polyanion-Type Sulfate Cathode for Sodium-Ion Battery

Ni-doped LiFePO4/C as high-performance cathode composites for Li-ion batteries

Controllable preparation and electrochemical properties of In-situ annealed LiCoO2 films with a specific crystalline orientation on stainless steel substrates

Ruthenium doped LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 (LNMO) microspheres has been prepared by a simple solid-state reaction process. The as-prepared sample was characterized by powder X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and electrochemistry performance test. The sample shows a spinel crystal structure without RuO2 impurity phase, and Ru doped sample crystal plane spacing increases. Combined with EDS spectrum, it indicates that the Ru ion was doped in the LNMO and distributed homogeneously. The XPS also further confirm the existence of Ru ions, and Ru has no obvious influence on Ni and Mn elements. The SEM images show that all the samples are sphere-like, with many polyhedral particles attached to the surface. When doped with 4% Ru ion, many cavities appear on the surface to form a porous structure. Electrochemical analysis confirms that the Ru-doped sample exhibits better electrochemical properties regarding discharge capacity, cycle stability, and rate performance. The 4% Ru-doped sample owns an initial discharge capacity of 125 mAh g−1 at 0.25C rate, with a capacity retention of 92% after 50 charge–discharge cycles. Moreover, at high current density (1C), Ru doped sample’s discharge capacity is 103 mAh g−1 while the original is only 86 mAh g−1. The excellent electrochemical properties are attributed to the Ru doping that increases the interlayer spacing and reduces the charge-transfer impedance (Rct), which is beneficial to lithium ion-exchange.

Ruthenium doped LiMn1.5Ni0.5O4 microspheres with enhanced electrochemical performance as lithium-ion battery cathode

A series of LiFe1−xMnxPO4/C composites were successfully synthesized through a simple hydrothermal method. The effects of doped Mn on their micro-structures and electrochemical performances were investigated. The XRD results indicate that Mn doping cannot change the olivine lattice type of LiFePO4. Appropriate Mn doping can reduce the particle size of LiFePO4. The electrochemical performance data show that the electrochemical performances of the composite materials are enhanced at first and then decrease as the doping amount of Mn increases. Both the CV and EIS results illustrate that a small amount of doped Mn will reduce the electrode polarization and electrochemical impedance of the samples and simultaneously improve the electrochemical performance. Among all the samples, the LiFe0.98Mn0.02PO4/C sample has a desirable electrochemical performance, with its specific discharge capacity reaching 156.0 mAh g−1 at a rate of 0.1 C. Even at a high rate of 5 C, it can still reach 110.0 mAh g−1. All the results indicate that an appropriate amount of doped Mn has an emphatic effect on the electrochemical performance of LiFePO4/C.

Effect of doped Mn on improving the electrochemical performance of LiFePO4

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Ni-doped LiFePO4/C as high-performance cathode composites for Li-ion batteries

Controllable preparation and electrochemical properties of In-situ annealed LiCoO2 films with a specific crystalline orientation on stainless steel substrates

Ruthenium doped LiMn1.5Ni0.5O4 microspheres with enhanced electrochemical performance as lithium-ion battery cathode

Effect of doped Mn on improving the electrochemical performance of LiFePO4