Biopolymer-based hydrogels as scaffolds for tissue engineering applications: a review

Conventional 3D bioprinting allows fabrication of 3D scaffolds for biomedical applications. In this contribution we present a cryogenic 3D printing method able to produce stable 3D structures by utilising the liquid to solid phase change of a composite hydrogel (CH) ink. This is achieved by rapidly cooling the ink solution below its freezing point using solid carbon dioxide (CO2) in an isopropanol bath. The setup was able to successfully create 3D complex geometrical structures, with an average compressive stiffness of O(1) kPa (0.49 ± 0.04 kPa stress at 30% compressive strain) and therefore mimics the mechanical properties of the softest tissues found in the human body (e.g. brain and lung). The method was further validated by showing that the 3D printed material was well matched to the cast-moulded equivalent in terms of mechanical properties and microstructure. A preliminary biological evaluation on the 3D printed material, coated with collagen type I, poly-L-lysine and gelatine, was performed by seeding human dermal fibroblasts. Cells showed good attachment and viability on the collagen-coated 3D printed CH. This greatly widens the range of applications for the cryogenically 3D printed CH structures, from soft tissue phantoms for surgical training and simulations to mechanobiology and tissue engineering.

/pdf/cryogenic-3d-printing-of-super-soft-hydrogels-3e76hlrdyi.pdf

Cryogenic 3D Printing of Super Soft Hydrogels

Tissue engineering (TE) is an emerging field for the regeneration of damaged tissues The combination of hydrogels with stem cells and growth factors (GFs) has become a promising approach to promote cartilage regeneration In this study, carrageenan-based hydrogels were used to encapsulate both cells and transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) The ATDC5 cell line was encapsulated to determine the cytotoxicity and the influence of polymer concentration on cell viability and proliferation Human adipose-derived stem cells (hASCs) were encapsulated with TGF-β1 in the hydrogel networks to enhance the chondrogenic differentiation of hASCs Specific cartilage extracellular matrix molecules expression by hASCs were observed after 14 days of cultures of the constructs under different conditions The κ-carrageenan was found to be a suitable biomaterial for cell and GF encapsulation The incorporation of TGF-β1 within the carrageenan-based hydrogel enhanced the cartilage differentiation of hASCs These findings ind

/pdf/encapsulation-of-adipose-derived-stem-cells-and-transforming-3sn31iky8z.pdf

Encapsulation of adipose-derived stem cells and transforming growth factor-β1 in carrageenan-based hydrogels for cartilage tissue engineering:

Recent years have witnessed the development of an enormous variety of hydrogel-based systems for neuroregeneration. Formed from hydrophilic polymers and comprised of up to 90% of water, these three-dimensional networks are promising tools for brain tissue regeneration. They can assist structural and functional restoration of damaged tissues by providing mechanical support and navigating cell fate. Hydrogels also show the potential for brain injury therapy due to their broadly tunable physical, chemical, and biological properties. Hydrogel polymers, which have been extensively implemented in recent brain injury repair studies, include hyaluronic acid, collagen type I, alginate, chitosan, methylcellulose, Matrigel, fibrin, gellan gum, self-assembling peptides and proteins, poly(ethylene glycol), methacrylates, and methacrylamides. When viewed as tools for neuroregeneration, hydrogels can be divided into: (1) hydrogels suitable for brain injury therapy, (2) hydrogels that do not meet basic therapeutic requirements and (3) promising hydrogels which meet the criteria for further investigations. Our analysis shows that fibrin, collagen I and self-assembling peptide-based hydrogels display very attractive properties for neuroregeneration.

Hydrogel-assisted neuroregeneration approaches towards brain injury therapy: A state-of-the-art review.

Advanced biomaterials for repairing the nervous system: what can hydrogels do for the brain?

Graft integration and survival are major factors that limit cell therapy for diseases and injury in the central nervous system. Efforts to improve graft survival and integration have focused on the development of biocompatible scaffolds to support neural cells. In this study, rat neural stem cells (NSC), including neurospheres and single cells, were seeded into hyaluronic acid/polylysine hydrogels. Confocal microscopy was used to noninvasively investigate the key cell phonotypes. After culture for 5 days, single NSC had survived and differentiated into neurons and astrocytes, while neurosphereforming cells had migrated from their original aggregate and maintained the NSC phonotype. These studies, carried out in the absence of serum, identified HA/polylysine hydrogels as potential synthetic cell carriers for transplantation of NSC.

Hyaluronic Acid/Polylysine Hydrogel as a Transfer System for Transplantation of Neural Stem Cells:

Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) are critically involved in the occurrence and development of breast cancer (BC). In this study, we performed RNA sequencing, and the results revealed an increase in the expression level of novel lncRNA ENST00000370438 in tissues of patients with BC. Quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT‐PCR) results showed an increase in lncRNA ENST00000370438 expression level in 23 pairs of BC tissues. Next, we determined the effect of ENST00000370438 on BC cell proliferation, and the results showed that ENST00000370438 promotes cell proliferation in BC. The proteomic analysis showed a decrease in DHCR24 expression level in BC cells transfected with ENST00000370438 small interfering RNA. Western blot and qRT‐PCR assay results showed that ENST00000370438 regulated DHCR24 expression. Furthermore, the rescue experiment showed that the interference with ENST00000370438 expression could restore the effect of DHCR24 overexpression on BC cell proliferation, demonstrating that ENST00000370438 could promote cell proliferation by upregulating DHCR24. Finally, we showed that lncRNA ENST000000370438 could promote tumor growth by overexpressing DHCR24 in nude mice. Our results demonstrated that lncRNA ENST00000370438 promotes BC cell proliferation by upregulating DHCR24 expression.

LncRNA ENST00000370438 promotes cell proliferation by upregulating DHCR24 in breast cancer

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Hyaluronic Acid/Polylysine Hydrogel as a Transfer System for Transplantation of Neural Stem Cells:

LncRNA ENST00000370438 promotes cell proliferation by upregulating DHCR24 in breast cancer