The ubiquitous challenge of plastic waste has led to the modern descriptor plastisphere to represent the human-made plastic environment and ecosystem. Here we report a straightforward rapid method for the catalytic deconstruction of various plastic feedstocks into hydrogen and high-value carbons. We use microwaves together with abundant and inexpensive iron-based catalysts as microwave susceptors to initiate the catalytic deconstruction process. The one-step process typically takes 30–90 s to transform a sample of mechanically pulverized commercial plastic into hydrogen and (predominantly) multiwalled carbon nanotubes. A high hydrogen yield of 55.6 mmol g−1plastic is achieved, with over 97% of the theoretical mass of hydrogen being extracted from the deconstructed plastic. The approach is demonstrated on widely used, real-world plastic waste. This proof-of-concept advance highlights the potential of plastic waste itself as a valuable energy feedstock for the production of hydrogen and high-value carbon materials.

/pdf/microwave-initiated-catalytic-deconstruction-of-plastic-gdsmr4owfh.pdf

Microwave-initiated catalytic deconstruction of plastic waste into hydrogen and high-value carbons

One of the most attractive routes for the production of hydrogen or syngas for use in fuel cell applications is the reforming and partial oxidation of hydrocarbons. The use of hydrocarbons in high temperature fuel cells is achieved through either external or internal reforming. Reforming and partial oxidation catalysis to convert hydrocarbons to hydrogen rich syngas plays an important role in fuel processing technology. The current research in the area of reforming and partial oxidation of methane, methanol and ethanol includes catalysts for reforming and oxidation, methods of catalyst synthesis, and the effective utilization of fuel for both external and internal reforming processes. In this paper the recent progress in these areas of research is reviewed along with the reforming of liquid hydrocarbons, from this an overview of the current best performing catalysts for the reforming and partial oxidizing of hydrocarbons for hydrogen production is summarized.

Advances in reforming and partial oxidation of hydrocarbons for hydrogen production and fuel cell applications

/pdf/methane-pyrolysis-for-zero-emission-hydrogen-production-a-2tt582ys25.pdf

Methane Pyrolysis for Zero-Emission Hydrogen Production: A Potential Bridge Technology from Fossil Fuels to a Renewable and Sustainable Hydrogen Economy

Natural gas (Methane) is currently the primary source of catalytic hydrogen production, accounting for three quarters of the annual global dedicated hydrogen production (about 70 M tons). Steam–methane reforming (SMR) is the currently used industrial process for hydrogen production. However, the SMR process suffers with insufficient catalytic activity, low long-term stability, and excessive energy input, mostly due to the handling of large amount of CO2 coproduced. With the demand for anticipated hydrogen production to reach 122.5 M tons in 2024, novel and upgraded catalytic processes are desired for more effective utilization of precious natural resources. In this review, we summarized the major descriptors of catalyst and reaction engineering of the SMR process and compared the SMR process with its derivative technologies, such as dry reforming with CO2 (DRM), partial oxidation with O2, autothermal reforming with H2O and O2. Finally, we discussed the new progresses of methane conversion: direct decomposition to hydrogen and solid carbon and selective oxidation in mild conditions to hydrogen containing liquid organics (i.e., methanol, formic acid, and acetic acid), which serve as alternative hydrogen carriers. We hope this review will help to achieve a whole picture of catalytic hydrogen production from methane.

/pdf/catalytic-hydrogen-production-from-methane-a-review-on-3ex4qej7lq.pdf

Catalytic Hydrogen Production from Methane: A Review on Recent Progress and Prospect

Conducting catalytic methane decomposition over Fe catalysts is a green and economic route to produce H2 without CO/CO2 contamination. Fused 65 wt% and impregnated 20 wt% Fe catalysts were synthesized with different additives to investigate their activity, whereas showing Fe-Al2O3 combination as the best catalyst. Al2O3 is speculated to expose more Fe0 for the selective deposition of carbon nano tubes (CNTs). A fused Fe (65 wt%)-Al2O3 sample was further investigated by means of H2-TPR, in-situ XRD, HRTEM and XAS to conclude 750 °C is the optimized temperature for H2 pre-reduction and reaction to obtain a high activity. Based on density functional theory (DFT) study, a reaction mechanism over Fe catalysts was proposed to explain the formation of graphite from unstable supersaturated iron carbides decomposition. A carbon deposition model was further proposed which explains the formation of different carbon nano materials.

/pdf/fe-catalysts-for-methane-decomposition-to-produce-hydrogen-3vjnew30rf.pdf

Fe catalysts for methane decomposition to produce hydrogen and carbon nano materials

A series of alumina-supported Ni catalysts were prepared to examine their activity and carbon deposition during dry reforming of methane (DRM). With an increase in the final calcination temperature to T=900 °C to form exclusively NiAl2O4, a catalyst with strong metal–support interactions was obtained. During a long-term DRM reaction (of about t=100 h) at T=700 °C and with CH4/CO2=1:1, reduced Ni (from NiAl2O4) showed a high resistance to sintering and coking. The DRM kinetics behaviors of the catalysts calcined at different temperatures were also investigated. Carbon growth models were proposed to rationalize the different carbon morphologies observed on the catalysts.

/pdf/effect-of-nial2o4-formation-on-ni-al2o3-stability-during-dry-xdnzt48hd6.pdf

Effect of NiAl2O4 Formation on Ni/Al2O3 Stability during Dry Reforming of Methane

Corrigendum: Effect of NiAl2O4 Formation on Ni/Al2O3 Stability during Dry Reforming of Methane

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Fe catalysts for methane decomposition to produce hydrogen and carbon nano materials

Effect of NiAl2O4 Formation on Ni/Al2O3 Stability during Dry Reforming of Methane

Corrigendum: Effect of NiAl2O4 Formation on Ni/Al2O3 Stability during Dry Reforming of Methane