Carbon-based nanomaterials have drawn significant interest as desirable nanomaterials and composites for the adsorptive removal of various classes of pollutants from water owing to their versatile physicochemical properties. The underlying sorption mechanisms serve as the bedrock for the development of carbonaceous adsorbents for various target pollutants. Microwave-assisted synthesis can be regarded as a recent and well-advanced technique for the development of carbon-based nanomaterials, and the use of biobased materials/wastes/residues conforms with the concept of green and sustainable chemistry. For advancements in carbon-based functional nanomaterials and their industrial/field applications, it is essential to fully comprehend the sorption performance and the selective/non-selective interaction processes between the contaminants and sorbents. In this regard, research on the development of carbon-based nanomaterials for the adsorption of chemical contaminants, both organic and inorganic, in water has made considerable strides as discussed in this review. However, there are still several fundamental hurdles associated with microwave-assisted chemical synthesis and commercial/industrial scale-up applications in nano-remediation. The challenges, benefits, and prospects for further research and development of carbon-based nanomaterials/nanocomposites for the purification of water are also discussed.

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Microwave-assisted synthesis of carbon-based nanomaterials from biobased resources for water treatment applications: emerging trends and prospects

Drawing inspiration from the robustness and resilience of spider silk, this study harnessed a combination of polydopamine (PDA), cellulose nanofibers (CNFs), polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), and aminated carbon nanotubes (CNTs) to create a synergistic network through hydrogen and covalent bonding on the surface of carbon fibers (CFs). This strategy significantly bolstered the interfacial properties of the resulting composites. The enhancements in flexural strength, flexural modulus, interlaminar shear strength (ILSS), tensile strength, and interfacial shear strength (IFSS) were measured at 47.8 %, 75.2 %, 54.3 %, 55.6 %, and 51.8 %, respectively. These improvements are attributed to the formation of robust covalent and hydrogen bonds among PDA, CNF, PVA, and aminated CNTs. Furthermore, the thermal conductivity of the CF composites saw a 59.7 % increase, owing to the CNFs and CNTs. These nanofillers are instrumental in forming an efficient thermal conductivity pathway within the resin matrix, which contributes to the improved thermal conductivity. This study introduces a straightforward, eco-friendly, and innovative approach for the production of high-performance CF composites. 

Construction of cellulose nanofiber/carbon nanotube synergistic network on carbon fiber surface to enhance mechanical properties and thermal conductivity of composites

Aquatic microrobots, which can walk freely on water mimicking water striders, have attracted considerable interest among scientists in biomimetic area. Most of previous water strider robots adopted...

Water strider-inspired design of a water walking robot using superhydrophobic Al surface

Exceptional Damping of CFRPs: Unveiling the Impact of Carbon Fiber Surface Treatments

Background Increasing food safety awareness of consumers promotes the development of rapid and sensitive detection techniques for pesticide residues. In this study, a new type of rapid detection card for organophosphorus and carbamate pesticide residues was developed by electrospinning. The card involved enzyme fiber mat (EFM) and substrate fiber mat (SFM) which were prepared by mixing poly(vinyl alcohol) with acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and indolyl acetate (IA), respectively. Results The mean diameter of fibers was 240 ± 53 nm for EFM and 387 ± 84 nm for SFM. Results of Fourier transform infrared and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopies confirmed that AChE and IA were successfully encapsulated into the fibers. The minimum concentrations of AChE and IA for effective detection were 1 and 3 mg mL-1 , respectively, and the optimal detection time was 15 min. The limits of detection for this card were 0.5 mg L-1 for omethoate, 1.5 mg L-1 for malathion, 0.1 mg L-1 for carbaryl and 0.02 mg L-1 for carbofuran. The detection card exhibited good storage stability and its activity could be maintained when stored at room temperature for at least 4 months. Additionally, the EFM can be reused three times. Conclusions The detection card obtained here was superior to a commercial card in detecting pesticide residues in real food samples. Hence, this electrospun detection card has potential for simple, rapid and sensitive analysis of pesticide residues. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry.

Development of a novel nano‐based detection card by electrospinning for rapid and sensitive analysis of pesticide residues

A solvent-free multi-wall carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) @Fe3O4 nanofluid (MFNF) was prepared to modify the water-based epoxy (WEP) sizing agent to address the undesirable interfacial properties and thermal conductivity (TC) of carbon fiber reinforced polymers (CFRPs). The results of the study showed that the performance of CFRPs with MFNF content of 2% was significantly improved, with ILSS and bending strength increased by 21.69% and 39.51%, respectively. This is attributed to MFNF leads to a strong mechanical interlock between CF and epoxy resin, which improves the mechanical properties. In addition, the TC was improved by 112.23%. This is partly due to the excellent TC possessed by MWCNTs and partly due to the orientation of the MFNF in thermal conductivity through the use of a magnetic field, creating a continuous thermal path at the interface, which facilitates phonon propagation. In conclusion, this method provides a new strategy for the preparation of multifunctional CFRPs. 

Preparation of magnetic solvent-free carbon nanotube/Fe3O4 nanofluid sizing agent to enhance thermal conductivity and interfacial properties of carbon fiber composites

Water soluble poly (vinyl alcohol) (PVA) was used to prepare the enzyme membranes of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) for electrochemical assaying methyl parathion in water insoluble organic solvent. The immobilized enzyme was separated from electrode for the development of enzyme inhibition-based bioassays. This assay is simple and convenient where enzyme membrane is applicable for single use and the electrode for repeated use. The enzyme membranes can be used handily piece by piece and the released AChE performs catalytic reaction homogeneously. The inhibition percentage of AChE increases with the concentration of methyl parathion ranging from 0.1 to 1 mg/mL.

Electrochemical Assay of Methyl Parathion in Homogeneous Reaction Using Water Soluble Films with Immobilized Acetylcholinesterase

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Preparation of magnetic solvent-free carbon nanotube/Fe3O4 nanofluid sizing agent to enhance thermal conductivity and interfacial properties of carbon fiber composites

Electrochemical Assay of Methyl Parathion in Homogeneous Reaction Using Water Soluble Films with Immobilized Acetylcholinesterase