Drought is a common stress in agricultural production. Thus, it is imperative to understand how fruit crops respond to drought and to develop drought-tolerant varieties. This paper provides an overview of the effects of drought on the vegetative and reproductive growth of fruits. We summarize the empirical studies that have assessed the physiological and molecular mechanisms of the drought response in fruit crops. This review focuses on the roles of calcium (Ca2+) signaling, abscisic acid (ABA), reactive oxygen species (ROS) signaling, and protein phosphorylation underlying the early drought response in plants. We review the resulting downstream ABA-dependent and ABA-independent transcriptional regulation in fruit crops under drought stress. Moreover, we highlight the positive and negative regulatory mechanisms of microRNAs in the drought response of fruit crops. Lastly, strategies (including breeding and agricultural practices) to improve the drought resistance of fruit crops are outlined.

/pdf/fruit-crops-combating-drought-physiological-responses-and-39vd9dnu.pdf

Fruit crops combating drought: physiological responses and regulatory pathways.

There are two big cultural circles in northwest minority areas:One is Buddhism culture circle,including Tibetan,Mongolian,and other nationalities;The other is Islam culture circle,including Hui,Uygur,and etc.In these multi-cultural areas,the cultures of different nationalities should be entered into national,local,and school-based curriculums,to enhance its education development.

Multi-culture in Northwest Minority Areas and Its Education Research

Heat or high temperature stress have caused huge damage to many crops and have become the largest threat in terms of the future. Although a huge amount of research has been conducted to explore the mechanisms of heat tolerance and many achievements were accomplished, the mechanism by which how heat stress (HS) influences the yield is still unclear. In this study, RNA-seq analysis indicated that nine 1,3-β-glucanases (BGs) belonging to the carbohydrate metabolic pathway were expressed differently during heat treatment. Therefore, we identified the BGs and glucan-synthase-likes (GSLs) in three rice ecotypes and processed the analyses of gene gain and loss, phylogenetic relationship, duplication, and syntenic relationship. We found the possibility of an environmental adaption based on BGs and GSLs during evolution. Submicrostructure and dry matter distribution analysis confirmed that HS might block the endoplasmic sugar transport pathway by increasing callose synthesis, which may lead to decreased yield and quality in rice production. This study provides a new clue regarding rice yield and quality under HS and provides guidance to rice cultivation and heat tolerance breeding.

/pdf/comparative-transcriptome-analysis-reveals-osbgs-and-osgsls-dzlf3vlh.pdf

Comparative Transcriptome Analysis Reveals OsBGs and OsGSLs Influence Sugar Transport through Callose Metabolism under Heat Stress in Rice

Background Blackberries (Rubus subgenus Rubus) are a major berry crop consumed globally for being a rich source of anthocyanins and antioxidants, and their unique flavor. However, breeding for fruit improvement in blackberry has been significantly hindered by the scarcity of genomic resources and the genetic complexity of traits. The blackberry genome has been particularly challenging to assemble, largely due to its polyploid nature. Findings We present the first chromosome-scale and haplotype-phased genome assembly for the cultivated primocane-fruiting, thornless tetraploid blackberry selection BL1 (Rubus L. subgenus Rubus Watson). The tetraploid genome assembly was generated using the Oxford Nanopore Technology (ONT) and Hi-C scaffolding, comprising 919 Mb placed on 27 pseudochromosomes with an N50 of 35.73 Mb. The assembly covers >92% of the genome length and contains over 98% of complete BUSCOs. Repetitive sequences constitute 57% of the assembly, with the long terminal repeats (LTR) being the most abundant class. A total of 87,968 protein-coding genes were predicted, of which, 82% were functionally annotated. Gene expression analyses identified candidate genes and transcription factors related to thornlessness in blackberries, including MYB16, lysine histidine transporters, PDR1, Caffeoyl-CoA, glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored lipid protein transfer 1, DRN, beta-ketoacyl reductase, and homocysteine S-methyltransferase 3. Conclusions The utility of this genome has been demonstrated in this study by identifying candidate genes related to thornlessness in blackberry. Resequencing of tetraploid blackberry cultivars/selections with different horticultural characteristics revealed genes that could impact fruiting habit and disease resistance/susceptibility. This tetraploid reference genome will serve as a valuable resource to accelerate genetic analysis and breeding of this important berry crop, enabling the development of improved varieties with enhanced traits.

/pdf/a-chromosome-scale-and-haplotype-resolved-genome-assembly-of-co69fu4w.pdf

A chromosome-scale and haplotype-resolved genome assembly of tetraploid blackberry (Rubus L. subgenus Rubus Watson)

Cerasus humilis, a small shrub of the Cerasus genus within the Rosaceae family, is native to China and renowned for its highly nutritious and medicinal fruits, robust root system, and remarkable drought resistance. This study primarily employed association transcriptome and metabolome analyses to assess changes in abscisic acid (ABA) levels and identify key regulatory genes in C. humilis subjected to varying degrees of drought stress. Notably, we observed distinct alterations in transcription factors across different drought intensities. Specifically, our transcriptome data indicated noteworthy shifts in GATA, MYB, MYC, WRKY, C2H2, and bHLH transcription factor families. Furthermore, combined transcriptomic and metabolomic investigations demonstrated significant enrichment of metabolic pathways, such as ‘Carbon metabolism’, ‘Biosynthesis of amino acids’, ‘Biosynthesis of cofactors’, ‘Phenylpropanoid biosynthesis’, ‘Starch and sucrose metabolism’, and ‘Plant hormone signal transduction’ under moderate (Mod) or severe (Sev) drought conditions. A total of 11 candidate genes involved in ABA biosynthesis and signaling pathways were identified. The down-regulated genes included secoisolariciresinol dehydrogenase-like and PYL2. Conversely, genes including FAD-dependent urate hydroxylase-like, cytochrome P450 97B2, carotenoid cleavage dioxygenase 4 (CCD4), SnRK2.2, ABI 5-like protein 5, PP2C 51, and SnRK2.3, were up-regulated under Mod or Sev drought stress. This study lays the genetic foundation for ABA biosynthesis to enhance drought tolerance and provides genetic resources for plant genetic engineering and breeding efforts. 

Transcriptomic and Metabolomic Insights into ABA-Related Genes in Cerasus humilis under Drought Stress

Abstract Prunus humilis (2n = 2x = 16) is a dwarf shrub fruit tree native to China and distributed widely in the cold and arid northern region. In this study, we obtained the whole genome sequences of P. humilis by combining Illumina, PacBio and HiC sequencing technologies. This genome was 254.38 Mb long and encodes 28,301 putative proteins. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that P. humilis shares the same ancestor with Prunus mume and Prunus armeniaca at ∼ 29.03 Mya. Gene expansion analysis implied that the expansion of WAX-related and LEA genes might be associated with high drought tolerance of P. humilis and LTR maybe one of the driver factors for the drought adaption by increase the copy number of LEAs. Population diversity analysis among 20 P. humilis accessions found that the genetic diversity of P. humilis populations was limited, only 1.40% base pairs were different with each other, and more wild resources need to be collected and utilized in the breeding and improvement. This study provides new insights to the drought adaption and population diversity of P. humilis that could be used as a potential model plant for horticultural research.

/pdf/the-genome-of-prunus-humilis-provides-new-insights-to-2jbnh42d.pdf

The genome of Prunus humilis provides new insights to drought adaption and population diversity

This paper discuss minority cultural in community education-focus on the the Hezhe minority cultural preserve and heritage in community education from Tongjiang city in Heilongjiang Province in China. Through the case study of the Hezhe Community in Tongjiang, the article analyzes the policy of minority education in china, some cultural characteristics, and approaches to learning Hezhe minority culture in community, and holds that traditional ethnic cultural educational conception and means of cultural heritage in Hezhe ethnic community have greatly changed. Meanwhile, with the development of community, the nearly-disappeared traditional culture has recovered and the value system of Hezhe minority people has been rebuilt.

https://www.dpi-proceedings.com/index.php/dtssehs/article/download/11587/11129

Hezhe Minority Culture and Community Education in Tongjiang, Helongjiang, China

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The genome of Prunus humilis provides new insights to drought adaption and population diversity

Hezhe Minority Culture and Community Education in Tongjiang, Helongjiang, China