Background Sepsis is still a major cause of death in both human and veterinary medicine. Early diagnosis is essential for appropriate treatment. Identification of patients at risk for developing sepsis is already possible in human medicine through the measurement of plasma interleukin-6 (IL-6) levels. In veterinary medicine, however, this has been investigated only in canine experimental models. Objectives The purpose of this study was to measure IL-6 plasma levels in dogs with naturally occurring systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) and sepsis and to analyze the value of IL-6 as a predictive parameter for severity and mortality. Methods Included in the study were 79 dogs that had been admitted to the small animal clinics of Munich and Berlin from July 2004 to July 2005 and that satisfied the diagnostic criteria for SIRS and sepsis as defined using established parameters. Measurement of plasma IL-6 levels on days 0, 1, and 2 was performed by the use of a colorimetric bioassay based on IL-6-dependent cell growth. Results Septic foci were identified in 43 patients (septic group), and 36 patients were enrolled in the SIRS group. The frequency of positive blood cultures was 11%. The overall mortality rate was 48%. Higher plasma IL-6 levels on the day of admission were significantly correlated with a more severe degree of disease, increased mortality rate, and earlier fatality. Conclusions Plasma IL-6 concentration is predictive of outcome in canine SIRS and sepsis and may be a valuable laboratory parameter for assessing critically ill dogs.

Plasma interleukin-6 response is predictive for severity and mortality in canine systemic inflammatory response syndrome and sepsis.

miR-23b is a multifunctional microRNA that contributes to the regulation of multiple signaling pathways. It has been reported that miR-23b prevents multiple autoimmune diseases through the regulation of inflammatory cytokine pathways. In addition, the function and underlying mechanisms of miR-23b on sepsis are currently being investigated. In the present study, miR-23b inhibitor and mimics sequences were transfected into human vascular endothelial cells to inhibit and upregulate the expression of miR-23b, respectively. In addition, respective negative control (NC) sequences were transfected. The expression of miR-23b was found to be downregulated in the cells transfected with the mimics NC or inhibitor NC sequences following stimulation with lipopolysaccharide (LPS; P<0.01); however, higher expression levels were maintained in the cells transfected with the mimics sequence and very low levels were observed in the cells transfected with the inhibitor sequence. In addition, the expression levels of nuclear factor (NF)-κB, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL)-6, intercellular adhesion molecule (ICAM)-1, E-selectin and vascular cell adhesion molecule (VCAM)-1 were shown to increase following induction by LPS in the cells transfected with inhibitor/mimics NC sequences (P<0.05). However, the expression levels of these inflammatory factors decreased in the cells transfected with the mimics sequence, and increased to a greater degree in the cells transfected with the inhibitor sequence, as compared with the inhibitor NC sequences (P<0.05). Therefore, miR-23b may play a significant role in the pathogenesis and progression of sepsis by inhibiting the expression of inflammatory factors, including NF-κB, TNF-α, IL-6, ICAM-1, E-selectin and VCAM-1.

/pdf/microrna-23b-regulates-the-expression-of-inflammatory-3g6th0admz.pdf

microRNA-23b regulates the expression of inflammatory factors in vascular endothelial cells during sepsis

Endotoxic responses to bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) are triggered by Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) and involve the production of inflammatory mediators, including interleukin-6 (IL-6), by macrophages. The detailed mechanism of IL-6 production by macrophages in response to LPS has remained unclear, however. We now show that LPS induces IL-6 synthesis in mouse peritoneal macrophages via the leukotriene B4 receptor BLT2. Our results suggest that TLR4-MyD88 signaling functions upstream of BLT2 and that the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) by NADPH oxidase 1 (Nox1) and consequent activation of the transcription factor nuclear factor (NF)-κB function downstream of BLT2 in this response. These results suggest that a TLR4-MyD88-BLT2-Nox1-ROS-NF-κB pathway contributes to the synthesis of IL-6 in LPS-stimulated mouse macrophages.

/pdf/myd88-blt2-dependent-cascade-contributes-to-lps-induced-1zj2jk5cw1.pdf

MyD88–BLT2-dependent cascade contributes to LPS-induced interleukin-6 production in mouse macrophage

Abstract Acute lung injury (ALI) describes the injury to endothelial cells in the lungs and associated vessels due to various factors. Furthermore, ALI accompanied by inflammation and thrombosis has been reported as a common complication of SARS-COV-2 infection. It is widely accepted that inflammation and the cytokine storm are main causes of ALI. Two classical anti-inflammatory cell types, regulatory T cells (Tregs) and M2 macrophages, are theoretically capable of resisting uncontrolled inflammation. Recent studies have indicated possible crosstalk between Tregs and macrophages involving their mutual activation. In this review, we discuss the current findings related to ALI pathogenesis and the role of Tregs and macrophages. In particular, we review the molecular mechanisms underlying the crosstalk between Tregs and macrophages in ALI pathogenesis. Understanding the role of Tregs and macrophages will provide the potential targets for treating ALI. 

https://www.nature.com/articles/s41420-023-01310-7.pdf

Regulatory T cell and macrophage crosstalk in acute lung injury: future perspectives

Comparison of cytokine responses between dogs with sepsis and dogs with immune-mediated hemolytic anemia.

Kinetics of IL-6 and TNF-α changes in a canine model of sepsis induced by endotoxin.

A 2-year-old, domestic short hair cat presented because of a 2-year history of chronic nasal discharge and chronic otitis. Examination of the oral cavity revealed a mass in the nasopharynx. For further examination, computed tomography (CT) was performed and large polyp was revealed on the nasopharyngeal area. Traction removal of the polyp was performed using a spay hook. After removal of the mass, Horner’s syndrome was developed but resolved spontaneously within 14 days.

Nasopharyngeal Polyp in a Domestic Short Hair Cat

A 10-year-old, intact male, toy poodle was presented with abdominal distension, truncal alopecia, hepatomegaly, and sustained elevation of alkaline phosphatase Vacuolar hepatopathy and glycogen deposition in hepatocytes were confirmed by liver biopsy and ultrasound-guided fine-needle aspiration with periodic acid-Schiff (PAS) staining of mass lesion respectively Cortisol and some sex hormones associated with adrenal gland were analyzed at IDEXX Reference Laboratories before and 1 hour after ACTH stimulation The results of analysis confirmed elevation of some sex hormones including androstenedione, progesterone and 17 hydroxyprogesterone, not cortisol concentration, before and 1 hour after ACTH stimulation The dog was diagnosed as atypical form of hyperadrenocorticism associated with sex steroids excess The treatment was initiated with trilostane (05 mg/kg, PO, q12hr) that is an adrenal steroid synthesis inhibitor Trilostane was administered for 8 weeks and the clinical sign including truncal alopecia was improved

Atypical Cushing's Syndrome Associated with Sex Steroids Excess in a Dog

A Successful Management of an Esophageal Perforation Caused by Esophageal Foreign Body with a Non-operative Treatment in a Dog

2개월령의 중성화하지 않은 암컷 말티즈가 급성의 혈뇨와 핍뇨를 주증으로 내원하였다. 환축은 복부 방사선 검사를 통해 방광 내 결석으로 진단되었다. 결석의 수술적 제거 후 미네소타 결석 센터로 의뢰하여 스트루바이트 결석을 확인하였다. 방광 내에는 3개의 스트루바이트 결석이 존재하였고 이로 인해 혈뇨가 생성되었다. 결석의 수술적 제거와 스트루바이트 결석의 생성에 대한 예방적 처방식 급여로 환축은 결석 제거 후 2달 동안 혈뇨와 같은 문제를 발생시키지 않았다. 【A 2-month-old, intact female, maltese puppy was presented with an acute onset of hematuria and stranguria. The dog was diagnosed as urotliths in bladder using radiography of abdomen. Struvite uroliths in bladder were confirmed by Minnesota Urolith Center after surgical removal of uroliths on local clinic. There were 3 struvite uroliths in bladder and it caused hematuria. The dog had no problem including hematuria for 2 months after surgical removal of uroliths with preventative diet for struvite uroliths.】

Uncommon Case of Bladder Struvite Urolithiasis in a Two Month Old Puppy

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