Norovirus (NoV) has been recognized as a leading cause of gastroenteritis worldwide. This review estimates the prevalence and genotype distribution of NoV in China to provide a sound reference for vaccine development. Studies were searched up to October 2020 from CNKI database and inclusion criteria were study duration of at least one calendar year and population size of >100. The mean overall NoV prevalence in individuals with sporadic diarrhea/gastroenteritis was 16.68% (20796/124649, 95% CI 16.63-16.72), and the detection rate of NoV was the highest among children. Non-GII.4 strains have replaced GII.4 as the predominant caused multiple outbreaks since 2014. Especially the recombinant GII.P16-GII.2 increased sharply, and virologic data show that the polymerase GII.P16 rather than VP1 triggers pandemic. Due to genetic diversity and rapid evolution, predominant genotypes might change unexpectedly, which has become major obstacle for the development of effective NoV vaccines.

Epidemiology and evolution of Norovirus in China.

The coronavirus disease (COVID- 19) epidemic has been spreading across the country The prevention and control of epidemic ore at a critical stage It is essential to prevent and control the epidemic in a way accosting hi the law However over disinfection have been found in many places recently such tut tent disinfection motorcade spraying disinfection and so on which have attracted great attention of the public Disinfection is an important means to cut off the transmission channels and control the epidemic of infectious diseases The government should pay more efforts in health science popularization promote the public to master the disinfection knowledge select the correct and effective disinfection products and adopt the correct disinfection methods for different objects To implement the scientific prevention and control precise implementation of the strategy and maximize the protection of public health

Beware of over Disinfection in Fighting Against the Coronavirus Disease

Bacillus (B.) anthracis is the pathogen that causes fatal anthrax. Guizhou Province is an old foci of anthrax in the southwest of China. Human anthrax has also been frequently reported in Guizhou in recent year. However, there is limited information on the genetic background of local B. anthracis isolates in Guizhou Province. Strain-specific detection of this bacterium using molecular approaches has enhanced our knowledge of microbial genetics. In the present study, we employed Multiple Locus Variable Number Tandem Repeats (VNTR) Analysis (MLVA) assay to analyze the genetic characteristics of B. anthracis strains isolated in Guizhou Province and their relationships to worldwide distributed isolates. A total of 32 isolates of B. anthracis from soil, human, cattle, dog and water of different anthrax epidemics in Guizhou Province from 2006 to 2011 were confirmed with phage lysis test, penicillin inhibition test and PCR. MLVA-8 discriminated them into 28 unique MLVA types (MT G1 - G28), which were novel MTs compared with the previous reports. Cluster tree based on 32 isolates from Guizhou Province and 76 worldwide distributed isolates (30 MTs) showed they were divided into three clusters, designated A, B and C. All the 32 isolates were distributed in cluster A, which were further grouped into A1, A2, A3 and A4 sub-clusters. 32 isolates from Guizhou Province were closely grouped in each of the sub-clusters, respectively. Minimum Spanning Tree (MST) based on the MLVA data showed that the 28 MLVA profiles of isolates from Guizhou Province and 30 MLVA profiles of worldwide distributed isolates formed three clonal complexes (CCs) and ten singletons. 28 novel MTs of B. anthracis from Guizhou were revealed and their relationships to worldwide isolates were showed. The results will provide important information for prevention of anthrax and also enhances our understanding of genetic characteristics of B. anthracis in China.

/pdf/genetic-characterization-of-bacillus-anthracis-in-guizhou-1dolfne0tp.pdf

Genetic characterization of Bacillus anthracis in Guizhou Province, Southwest of China.

We identified the routes of infection and evaluate the effect of disinfection on the field of an outbreak of an-thrax in a village of Wengan County ,Guizhou ,China ,thus trying to provide with basis for the implementation of policies for pre-vention and control of anthrax .The authors gathered the cases information by searching and interviewing the targeted persons house by house ,and reviewed the medical records in hospitals .The samples including patient’s discharging fluid ,residues of died horse ,and soil from the places where the villagers dismembered horse were gathered and cultured for Bacillus anthracis . The technique of multiple-locus variable-number tandem repeat analysis (MLVA-8) was applied for revealing the genetic rela-tionships among those isolated Bacillus anthracis strains .Five cases of cutaneous anthrax occurred in the outbreak and the total attack rate was 7 .58% (5/66) among those contactors evolved in the activity of carrying ,dismembering ,washing ,chopping and eating the died horse .The attack rate was 100% (3/3) for those who carried ,dismembered ,washed ,chopped and ate that horse ,100% (1/1) for those who carried ,dismembered and ate ,and 7 .14% (1/14) for those who washed ,chopped and ate . The 25% (1/4) of the samples of discharging fluid from the cases with cutaneous anthrax were positive .After disinfection , 15 .38% (4/26) of the soil samples retained positive .The genetic similarity was 100% among the 5 isolate strains .The results suggested that the outbreak of anthrax in villagers occurred through the activities of carrying ,dismembering ,washing and chop-ping the died horse .Strengthening the risk communication and disinfection of the dismemberment places should be the crucial strategies to prevent and control anthrax epidemics in Guizhou in the future .

Epidemiologic analysis on five cases involved in an outbreak of anthrax in a village of Wengan County,Guizhou, China

目的 了解贵州省2007-2017年人间炭疽的流行特征及趋势,供防控工作参考.方法 用描述性流行病学方法分析贵州省2007-2017年人间炭疽疫情资料及其相关监测资料.结果 2007-2017年贵州省人间炭疽累计发生104起,病例183例,发病率呈波动下降趋势,年均发病率为0.046/10万,死亡6例,年均死亡率0.002/10万.全年可发病,5-10月报告病例最多(149例,占81.42％).以25～60岁发病最多(142例,占77.60％).男女病例之比为6.96∶1.职业以农民发病最多(162例,占88.62％).散发77起占总起数的74.04％.聚集性病例106例占总病例57.92％.2013-2017年的人间炭疽中86.67％(13/15)有病死家畜接触史.实验室确诊4例.消毒前的剖剐地土壤的炭疽杆菌检出阳性率15.79％(9/57),消毒后的剖剐地土壤的炭疽杆菌检出阳性率12.21％(16/131).结论 贵州省人间炭疽疫情下降明显,农村尚存在潜在聚集性疫情风险,疫源地消毒亟待规范,部门间联防联控有待落实,需继续加强疫情监测及健康教育等工作.

Epidemiological Analysis of Human Anthrax in Guizhou, China, 2007-2017

2010年11月4日贯州省望谟县某村发生人间皮肤炭疽流行.为查找流行原因,分析感染途径及来源并检查防控措施落实情况及评价疫源地消毒效果,于11月5-7日开展本次调查.1.对象与方法:拟定炭疽病例个案调查表,根据病例定义走访病家,并到乡镇卫生院、县医院和中医院访谈病例和查看病案资料,按炭疽病例个案调查表收集资料.走访发生病死牛住户,收集登记密切接触者相关信息.病例定义为2010年9月22日至11月7日该村村民中所有出现皮肤炭疽临床表现[按炭疽诊断标准(WS 283-2008)]的患者.密切接触者定义为2010年9月22日至11月7日凡参与该村病死牛搬运、剖剐、洗切加工及食用病死牛的人员.采集病死畜残余物和病死畜剖剐地消毒前后的土壤标本(耙开表层土约5～10 cm,每点采集1～3份,采集约500 g)培养分离炭疽杆菌. 关键词：炭疽;现场调查;消毒效果;评价

Response and evaluation of the disinfection effects on an anthrax outbreak in human being and cattle in Guizhou

Objective To study the composition of variant and point mutations of Norovirus GⅡ.4 in Guiyang regions.Methods From June to November 2010,cases information and fecal specimens were collected from guard-hospitals in Guiyang regions,who had caught the acute-gastroenteritis.Noroviruses in specimens were detected by a real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction(real-time RT-PCR),and then partial genotyped norovirus-positive clinical samples (in random) were cloned and sequenced in VP1 gene code.Furthermore,the gene sequences were compared with the published variants at home and abroad of norovirus(GⅡ.4),including the phylogenetic analyses of genomes and variation of amino acids within individual sites.Results Those 267 specimens were GⅡ-norovirus-positive(62.68％) in 426 clinical samples.There were nine GⅡ.4-norovirus-positive VP1 gene-sequences available,and two subtype-norovirus variants (GⅡ.4 2008a and G Ⅱ.4 2008b variant) were epidemic in 2010,Guizhou province.The homology between and in subgroups were 95.90％-96.72％ and 99.45％-100％.Two amino acids within individual sites were apt to mutate.Conclusion Norovirus GⅡ genotype were predominant in summer and fall acute gastroenteritis in 2010 for Guiyang regions,and the variants were diversity.

Key words: 
Norovirus(NoVs); GⅡ.4 genotype; VP1 gene; Variant

A preliminary study on Norovirus variant for GII.4 in Guiyang regions

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Response and evaluation of the disinfection effects on an anthrax outbreak in human being and cattle in Guizhou

A preliminary study on Norovirus variant for GII.4 in Guiyang regions